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Tuesday, December 09, 2008
Invisible Wealth of Women by PeopleNology
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Saturday, October 11, 2008
Vintage Free Download Clip Art Women Men Animals Nature Sexual Nudity Antique Free PeopleNology
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Saturday, September 20, 2008
Inspiration PeopleNology
Slide 1: INSPIRATIONAL THOUGHTS Inspirational Thoughts ♫Music:Gheorghe Zamfir-Aranjuez Mon Amour
Slide 2: What is the meaning of life? Every one creates his life by what he hears, by what he feel, by what he learn.
Slide 3: Life is just like the music, it must be composed by ear, feeling and instinct, NOT BY RULE!
Slide 4: Love yourself and realize that whatever you attempt to achieve in Life is a direct reflection of you.
Slide 5: The happiness of your life depends on the quality of your thoughts.
Slide 7: Be a kind and fascinating person.
Slide 8: When you are kind and listen well, others will gravitate to you.
Slide 9: Practice kind thoughts everyday.
Slide 10: If you feel anger, irritation or frustration, It is time to seek ways to deal with these feelings.
Slide 11: Let the calm of life blow through you. Be blissful!
Slide 13: Do not hesitate to love deeply.
Slide 14: Don’t be afraid of the pain that deep love can cause.
Slide 15: The more you have loved and have allowed yourself to suffer because of your love, the more you will be able to let your heart grow wider and deeper.
Slide 16: When your love is truly giving and receiving, those whom you love will not leave your heart even when they depart from you.
Slide 17: Those you have deeply loved become part of you.
Slide 19: You make a living by what you get. You make a life by what you give.
Slide 20: Be generous with kindly words, especially about those who are absent.
Slide 21: Give what you have. To someone, it may be better than you dare to think.
Slide 22: It's not how much you give but how much love you put into giving.
Slide 23: The value of a man resides in what he gives and not in what he is capable of receiving.
Slide 25: For the outer sense alone perceives visible things and the eye of the heart alone sees the invisible.
Slide 26: Let your heart be your compass, Your mind your map, Your soul your guide... and you will never get lost!
Slide 27: Where ever you go, go with all your heart , Whatever you do , do with all your heart.
Slide 28: All our answers about what is the meaning of life, are within ....your life can be anything you want it to be ....so be inspired to live the life your heart desires.
Slide 30: Without the clarity of a pure mind and heart, it is difficult to tell where good days begin and bad days end - and vice versa.
Slide 31: The benefit of being pure in heart is a sense of peace about who you are and what you are to do. This reduces stress and depression.
Slide 32: The other benefit is that you increase the level of credibility and trust among those around you. Everyone knows who you are and what you're about.
Slide 33: Only those who are pure in mind, heart, emotion, intellect and soul can see the Deep Insight of their Life.
Slide 34: Life is short… Time is fleeting… Realize the self… Aspire… Renounce… Be good, do good… Love with all of your heart… Be kind, be compassionate… Inquire, know yourself …
Slide 35: Your life is the sum result of all the choices you make, both consciously and unconsciously.
Slide 36: If you can control the process of choosing, you can take control of all aspects of your life. You can find the freedom that comes from being in charge of yourself.
Slide 37: The first step to getting the things you want out of life and living the meaningful life is this: Decide what you want!
Slide 38: Remember not only to say or do the right thing in the right place, but far more difficult still, not to do something or leave unsaid the wrong thing at the tempting moment!
Slide 39: Every moment of your life is a picture which you had never seen before and which you will never see again. Enjoy in live life and make each moment beautiful!
Slide 2: What is the meaning of life? Every one creates his life by what he hears, by what he feel, by what he learn.
Slide 3: Life is just like the music, it must be composed by ear, feeling and instinct, NOT BY RULE!
Slide 4: Love yourself and realize that whatever you attempt to achieve in Life is a direct reflection of you.
Slide 5: The happiness of your life depends on the quality of your thoughts.
Slide 7: Be a kind and fascinating person.
Slide 8: When you are kind and listen well, others will gravitate to you.
Slide 9: Practice kind thoughts everyday.
Slide 10: If you feel anger, irritation or frustration, It is time to seek ways to deal with these feelings.
Slide 11: Let the calm of life blow through you. Be blissful!
Slide 13: Do not hesitate to love deeply.
Slide 14: Don’t be afraid of the pain that deep love can cause.
Slide 15: The more you have loved and have allowed yourself to suffer because of your love, the more you will be able to let your heart grow wider and deeper.
Slide 16: When your love is truly giving and receiving, those whom you love will not leave your heart even when they depart from you.
Slide 17: Those you have deeply loved become part of you.
Slide 19: You make a living by what you get. You make a life by what you give.
Slide 20: Be generous with kindly words, especially about those who are absent.
Slide 21: Give what you have. To someone, it may be better than you dare to think.
Slide 22: It's not how much you give but how much love you put into giving.
Slide 23: The value of a man resides in what he gives and not in what he is capable of receiving.
Slide 25: For the outer sense alone perceives visible things and the eye of the heart alone sees the invisible.
Slide 26: Let your heart be your compass, Your mind your map, Your soul your guide... and you will never get lost!
Slide 27: Where ever you go, go with all your heart , Whatever you do , do with all your heart.
Slide 28: All our answers about what is the meaning of life, are within ....your life can be anything you want it to be ....so be inspired to live the life your heart desires.
Slide 30: Without the clarity of a pure mind and heart, it is difficult to tell where good days begin and bad days end - and vice versa.
Slide 31: The benefit of being pure in heart is a sense of peace about who you are and what you are to do. This reduces stress and depression.
Slide 32: The other benefit is that you increase the level of credibility and trust among those around you. Everyone knows who you are and what you're about.
Slide 33: Only those who are pure in mind, heart, emotion, intellect and soul can see the Deep Insight of their Life.
Slide 34: Life is short… Time is fleeting… Realize the self… Aspire… Renounce… Be good, do good… Love with all of your heart… Be kind, be compassionate… Inquire, know yourself …
Slide 35: Your life is the sum result of all the choices you make, both consciously and unconsciously.
Slide 36: If you can control the process of choosing, you can take control of all aspects of your life. You can find the freedom that comes from being in charge of yourself.
Slide 37: The first step to getting the things you want out of life and living the meaningful life is this: Decide what you want!
Slide 38: Remember not only to say or do the right thing in the right place, but far more difficult still, not to do something or leave unsaid the wrong thing at the tempting moment!
Slide 39: Every moment of your life is a picture which you had never seen before and which you will never see again. Enjoy in live life and make each moment beautiful!
Labels:
Become Rich,
Gregory Bodenhamer,
hewlett packard canon epson lexmark brother dell ink printer cartridges wholesale,
INKJET REFILLING BUSINESS,
Inkjet Toner Refilling Business,
NDITC New Deal Ink Toner Company,
new deal ink and toner company,
peoplenology,
peoplenology women work home violence career income sex seduction bedroom boardroom advice,
START INK LASER TONER CARTRIDGE BUSINESS HOME BASED REFILL HP REMANUFACTURE,
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Sunday, September 14, 2008
Nollijy Franklin University
PeopleNology
Strategy
Survival
Sex
Stability
Significance for Women
The Life of Susie HomeMaker
Easy Earth Enterprises for Women
Slide 1: 2008 PeopleNology for Women Gregory Bodenhamer Mechanicsburg Pa PeopleNology for Women - The Diary of Evolutionary Secrets Copyrighted 2008 All Rights Reserved 092008 Human Resources HR Managment Process Controls Compliance Profit Service Revenue Growth Marriage Bedroom Boardroom Income Children Investment Divorce
Slide 2: The word girl first appeared during the Middle Ages between 1250 and 1300 CE and came from the Anglo-Saxon words gerle (also spelled girle or gurle), likely cognate with the Old Low German word gör (sometimes given as kerl).[2] The Anglo-Saxon word gerela meaning dress or clothing item also seems to have been used as a metonym in some sense. Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Seduction Selection Success Solutions Social Science PeopleNology by Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com Adult Female Male Sexual Education Nollijy Franklin University Research Institute Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Powerful Humanistic Development According to Erikson, the young adult stage involves the personal need for intimacy and sex. Failure to achieve this need results in isolation, which is
Slide 3: avoided, and as a result the young adult strives for love and compassion. The young adult learns that love and compassion may get him or her what he or she wants. In modern societies, young adults in their late teens and early 20s en- counter a number of issues as they finish school and begin to hold full-time jobs and take on other responsibilities of adulthood. In the late teens and early 20s, young adults become individuals and will set themselves apart. Self becomes the main reliance. Young adults will strive to become independent from parents, take respon- sibility for themselves and make their own decisions. During the young adult stage, mainly the majority think in a more mature manner and take issues more seriously. They focus on the construction of a better future. Adolescents are generally regarded as naïve and inexperienced, but are expected to grow into mature adults in their 20s. Young adults in this stage of human development learn value in both tangible and intangible objects. Their relationships with their parents and older adults change. However, in many cases, young adults and adolescents have enormous talent that can, in cases, outstrip some adults' talents. In many cases, problems such as lack of time (schooling and other commitments) and lack of money can arrest the adolescent's development in terms of intellectual and talent growth Womanhood is the period in a female's life after she has transitioned from girlhood, at least physically, having passed the age of menarche. Many cultures have rites of passage to symbolize a woman's coming of age, such as confirmation in some branches of Christianity, bat mitzvah in Judaism, or even just the custom of a special celebration for a certain birthday (generally between 12 and 21). The word woman can be used generally, to mean any female human, or specifically, to mean an adult female human as contrasted with girl. The word girl originally meant "young person of either sex" in English; it was only around the beginning of the 16th century that it came to mean specifically a female child. Nowadays girl sometimes is used colloquially to refer to a young or unmarried woman. During the early 1970s feminists challenged such use, and use of the word to refer to a fully grown woman
Slide 4: PeopleNology for Women
Slide 5: ay cause offence. In particular previously common terms such as office girl are no longer used. Conversely, in certain cultures which link family honor with female virginity, the word girl is still used to refer to a never-married woman; in this sense it is used in a fashion roughly analogous to the obsolete English maid or maiden. Referring to an unmarried female as a woman may, in such a culture, imply that she is sexually experienced, which would be an insult to her family. In some settings, the use of girl to refer to an adult female is a vestigial practice (such as girls' night out), even among some elderly women. In this sense, girl may be considered to be the analogue to the British word bloke for a man, although it again fails to meet the parallel status as an adult. Gal aside, some feminists cite this lack of an informal yet respectful term for women as misogynistic; they regard non-parallel usages, such as men and girls, as sexist. There are various words used to refer to the quality of being a woman. The term "womanhood" merely means the state of being a woman, having passed the menarche; "femininity" is used to refer to a set of supposedly
Slide 6: typical female qualities associated with a certain attitude to gender roles; "womanliness" is like "femininity", but is usually associated with a different view of gender roles; "femaleness" is a general term, but is often used as shorthand for "human femaleness"; "distaff" is an archaic adjective derived from women's conventional role as a spinner, now used only as a deliber- ate archaism; "muliebrity" is a "neologism" (derived from the Latin) meant to provide a female counterpart of "virility", but used very loosely, some- times to mean merely "womanhood", sometimes "femininity", and some- times even as a collective term for women. Gregory Bodenhamer PeopleNology for Women Career Marriage Divorce Children BedRock BedRoom BoardRoom
Slide 8: The term adult has three distinct meanings: • Grown man or woman; mature person. • Plant or animal that has reached full growth. • One who is legally of age. Opposed to minor. • Adulthood can be defined in terms of biology, psychological adult develop- ment, law, personal character, or social status. These different aspects of adulthood are often inconsistent and contradictory. A person may be biologically an adult, and have adult behavioral characteristics but still be treated as a child if they are under the legal age of majority. Conversely one may legally be an adult but possess none of the maturity and responsibility that define adult character. Coming of age is the event; passing a series of tests to demonstrate the child is prepared for adulthood; or reaching a specified age, sometimes in conjunction with demonstrating preparation. Most modern societies deter- mine legal adulthood based on reaching a legally-specified age without requiring a demonstration of physical maturity or preparation for adulthood. Although adult education simply means education for adults, not particu- larly sex education, "adult" also means "not considered suitable for chil- dren," in particular as a euphemism for being related to sexual behaviour. Some propose that moving into adulthood involves an emotional structur- ing of denial. This process becomes necessary to cope with one's own behaviour, especially in uncomfortable situations, and also the behaviour of others Girl has meant any young unmarried woman since about 1530. Its first noted meaning for sweetheart is 1648. The earliest known appearance of girl-friend is in 1892 and girl next door, meant as a teenaged female or young woman with a kind of wholesome appeal, dates only to
Slide 9: 1961Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. European fairy tales have preserved memorable stories about girls. Among these are Goldilocks and the Three Bears, Rapunzel, Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Match Girl, The Little Mermaid, The Princess and the Pea and the Brothers Grimm's Little Red Riding Hood. Children's books about girls include Little House on the Prairie, Alice in Wonderland, Pippi Longstocking, Dragonsong and A Wrinkle in Time. Books which have both boy and girl protagonists have tended to focus more on the boys but important girl characters appear in Knight's Castle, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Book of Three and the Harry Potter series. There have been many American comic booksProtected Property Intellec- tual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. and comic strips featuring a girl as the main character such as Little Lulu, Little Orphan Annie, Girl Genius and Amelia Rules. In superhero comic books an early girl character was Etta Candy, one of Wonder Woman's sidekicks. In the Peanuts series (by Charles Schulz) girl characters include Peppermint Patty, Lucy van Pelt and Sally Brown. In Japanese animated cartoons and comic books girls are often protago- nists. Most of Hayao Miyazaki's animated films feature a young girl heroine, as in Majo no takkyûbin (Kiki's Delivery Service). There are many other girl protagonists in the Shôjo style of manga, which is targeted to girls as an audience. Among these are The Wallflower, Ceres, Celestial Leg- end, Tokyo Mew Mew and Full Moon o Sagashite. Meanwhile, some genres of Japanese cartoons may feature sexualized and objectified portrayals of girls. Sexualization of young girls in art and entertainment has been a common theme across all eras and mediums. This has been more or less explicitly visible in modern cinema and television. Some famous examples include Taxi Driver, Diva, Lolita The Blue Lagoon, Léon: The Professional and Pretty Baby, all of which deal with young girls in adult situations, typically under extraordinary circumstances.
Slide 10: Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mam- malian species Homo sapiens (Latin: "wise human" or "knowing hu- man"[2]) in the family Hominidae (the great apes).[3][4] DNA evidence indicates that modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago.[5] Compared to other species, humans have a highly developed brain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and emotional suffering. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees the forelimbs (arms) for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other species. Humans now inhabit every continent on Earth, except Antarctica (although several governments maintain permanent research stations there, inhabited for short periods by scientists and other researchers). Humans also now have a continuous presence in low Earth orbit, occupying the International Space Station. The human population on Earth now amounts to over 6.6 billion, as of May 2008. Like most primates, humans are social by nature. However, they are particularly adept at utilizing systems of communication for self-expression, exchanging of ideas, and organization. Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families to nations. Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of traditions, rituals, ethics, values, social norms, and laws, which together form the basis of human society. Humans have a marked appreciation for beauty and aesthetics, which, combined with the desire for self-expression, has led to cultural innovations such as art, literature and music. Humans are noted (by themselves) for their desire to understand and influence the world around them, seeking to explain and manipulate natural phenomena through science, philosophy, mythology and religion. This natural curiosity has led to the development of advanced tools and skills; humans are the only extant species known to build fires, cook their food, clothe themselves, and manipulate and develop numerous other technolo- gies. Humans pass down their skills and knowledge to the next generations through education. The scientific study of human evolution encompasses the development of the genus Homo, but usually involves studying other hominids and ho- minines as well, such as Australopithecus. "Modern humans" are defined as the Homo sapiens species, of which the only extant subspecies - our
Slide 11: own - was formerly known as Homo sapiens sapiens (now simply known as Homo sapiens). Homo sapiens idaltu (roughly translated as "elder wise human"), the other known subspecies, is now extinct. Anatomically modern humans first appear in the fossil record in Africa about 200,000 years ago.[8][9]Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copy- right PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. The closest living relatives of Homo sapiens are the two chimpanzee species: the Common Chimpanzee and the Bonobo. Full genome se- quencing has resulted in the conclusion that "after 6.5 [million] years of separate evolution, the differences between chimpanzee and human are just 10 times greater than those between two unrelated people and 10 times less than those between rats and mice". In fact, 98.4% of the human DNA sequence is identical to that of chimpanzees. It has been estimated that the human lineage diverged from that of chimpanzees about five million years ago, and from that of gorillas about eight million years ago. However, a hominid skull discovered in Chad in 2001, classified as Sahelanthropus tchadensis, is approximately seven million years old, which may indicate an earlier divergence. The Recent African Origin (RAO), or "out-of-Africa", hypothesis proposes that modern humans evolved in Africa before later migrating outwards to replace hominids in other parts of the world. Evidence from archaeogenet- ics accumulating since the 1990s has lent strong support to RAO, and has marginalized the competing multiregional hypothesis, which proposed that modern humans evolved, at least in part, from independent hominid populations.[15] Geneticists Lynn Jorde and Henry Harpending of the University of Utah propose that the variation in human DNA is minute compared to that of other species. They also propose that during the Late Pleistocene, the human population was reduced to a small number of breeding pairs – no more than 10,000, and possibly as few as 1,000 –resulting in a very small residual gene pool. Various reasons for this hypothetical bottleneck have been postulated, one being the Toba catas- trophe theory.Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D.
Slide 12: Wisdom for Women of all ages, of all generations, around the world, PeopleNology for Women
Slide 13: Human evolution is characterized by a number of important morphological, developmental, physiological and behavioural changes, which have taken place since the split between the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. The first major morphological change was the evolution of a bipedal locomotor adaptation from an arboreal or semi-arboreal one,[16] with all its attendant adaptations, such as a valgus knee, low intermembral index (long legs relative to the arms), and reduced upper-body strength. Later, ancestral humans developed a much larger brain – typically 1,400 cm³ in modern humans, over twice the size of that of a chimpanzee or gorilla. The pattern of human postnatal brain growth differs from that of other apes (heterochrony), and allows for extended periods of social learning and language acquisition in juvenile humans. Physical anthropolo- gists argue that the differences between the structure of human brains and those of other apes are even more significant than their differences in size.
Slide 14: Other significant morphological changes included: the evolution of a power and precision grip;[17] a reduced masticatory system; a reduction of the canine tooth; and the descent of the larynx and hyoid bone, making speech possible. An important physiological change in humans was the evolution of hidden oestrus, or concealed ovulation, which may have coincided with the evolution of important behavioural changes, such as pair bonding. Another significant behavioural change was the development of material culture, with human-made objects becoming increasingly common and diversified over time. The relationship between all these changes is the subject of ongoing debate.Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. The most widely accepted view among current anthropologists is that Homo sapiens originated in the African savanna around 200,000 BP (Before Present), descending from Homo erectus, had inhabited Eurasia and Oceania by 40,000 BP, and finally inhabited the Americas approxi- mately 14,500 years ago. They displaced Homo neanderthalensis and other species descended from Homo erectus (which had inhabited Eurasia as early as 2 million years ago) through more successful reproduction and competition for resources. Until c. 10,000 years ago, most humans lived as hunter-gatherers. They generally lived in small nomadic groups known as band societies. The advent of agriculture prompted the Neolithic Revolution, when access to food surplus led to the formation of permanent human settlements, the domestication of animals and the use of metal tools. Agriculture encour- aged trade and cooperation, and led to complex society. Because of the significance of this date for human society, it is the epoch of the Holocene calendar or Human Era. About 6,000 years ago, the first proto-states developed in Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus Valley. Military forces were formed for protection, and government bureaucracies for administration. States cooperated and com- peted for resources, in some cases waging wars. Around 2,000–3,000 years ago, some states, such as Persia, India, China and Rome, devel- oped through conquest into the first expansive empires. Influential reli- gions, such as Judaism, originating in the Middle East, and Hinduism, a
Slide 15: religious tradition that originated in South Asia, also rose to prominence at this time. The late Middle Ages saw the rise of revolutionary ideas and technologies. In China, an advanced and urbanized economy promoted innovations such as printing and the compass, while the Islamic Golden Age saw major scientific advancements in Muslim empires. In Europe, the rediscovery of classical learning and inventions such as the printing press led to the Renaissance in the 14th century. Over the next 500 years, exploration and imperialistic conquest brought much of the Americas, Asia, and Africa under European control, leading to later struggles for independence. The Scientific Revolution in the 17th century and the Industrial Revolution in the 18th – Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. 19th centuries promoted major innovations in transport, such as the railway and automobile; energy development, such as coal and electricity; and government, such as representative democracy and Communism. As a result of such changes, modern humans live in a world that has become increasingly globalized and interconnected. Although this has encouraged the growth of science, art, and technology, it has also led to culture clashes, the development and use of weapons of mass destruction, and increased environmental destruction and pollution. Early human settlements were dependent on proximity to water and, depending on the lifestyle, other natural resources, such as fertile land for growing crops and grazing livestock, or seasonally by hunting populations of prey. However, humans have a great capacity for altering their habitats by various methods, such as through irrigation, urban planning, construc- tion, transport, and manufacturing goods. With the advent of large-scale trade and transport infrastructure, proximity to these resources has be- come unnecessary, and in many places these factors are no longer a driving force behind the growth and decline of a population. Nonetheless, the manner in which a habitat is altered is often a major determinant in population change. Technology has allowed humans to colonize all of the continents and adapt to all climates. Within the last few decades, humans have explored Antarctica, the ocean depths, and space, although long-term habitation of
Slide 17: hese environments is not yet possible. With a population of over six billion, humans are among the most numerous of the large mammals. Most humans (61%) live in Asia. The vast majority of the remainder live in the Americas (14%), Africa (14%) and Europe (11%), with 0.5% in Ocea- nia.Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Human habitation within closed ecological systems in hostile environ- ments, such as Antarctica and outer space, is expensive, typically limited in duration, and restricted to scientific, military, or industrial expeditions. Life in space has been very sporadic, with no more than thirteen humans in space at any given time. Between 1969 and 1972, two humans at a time spent brief intervals on the Moon. As of early 2008, no other celestial body has been visited by human beings, although there has been a continuous human presence in space since the launch of the initial crew to inhabit the International Space Station on October 31, 2000. Other celestial bodies have, however, been visited by human-made objects. Since 1800, the human population increased from one billion to over six billion. In 2004, some 2.5 billion out of 6.3 billion people (39.7%) lived in urban areas, and this percentage is expected to rise throughout the 21st century. Problems for humans living in cities include various forms of pollution and crime, especially in inner city and suburban slums. Benefits of urban living include increased literacy, access to the global canon of human knowledge and decreased susceptibility to rural famines.Protected Property Intellec- tual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Humans have had a dramatic effect on the environment. It has been hypothesized that human predation has contributed to the extinction of numerous species. As humans stand at the top of the food chain and are not generally preyed upon, they have been described as superpredators. Currently, through land development and pollution, humans are thought to
Slide 18: be the main contributor to global climate change. This is believed to be a major contributor to the ongoing Holocene extinction event, a mass extinction which, if it continues at its current rate, is predicted to wipe out half of all species over the next century Human body types vary substantially. Although body size is largely deter- mined by genes, it is also significantly influenced by environmental factors such as diet and exercise. The average height of an adult human is about 1.5 to 1.8 m (5 to 6 feet) tall, although this varies significantly from place to place. Unlike most other primates, humans are capable of fully bipedal locomo- tion, thus leaving their arms available for manipulating objects using their hands, aided especially by opposable thumbs.Protected Property Intellec- tual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Although humans appear relatively hairless compared to other primates, with notable hair growth occurring chiefly on the top of the head, under- arms and pubic area, the average human has more hair follicles on his or her body than the average chimpanzee. The main distinction is that human hairs are shorter, finer, and less heavily pigmented than the average chimpanzee's, thus making them harder to see. The hue of human hair and skin is determined by the presence of pigments called melanins. Human skin hues can range from very dark brown to very pale pink, while human hair ranges from blond to brown to red to, most commonly, black, depending on the amount of melanin (an effective sun blocking pigment) in the skin. Most researchers believe that skin darkening was an adaptation that evolved as a protection against ultraviolet solar radiation. More recently, however, it has been argued that particular skin colors are an adaptation to balance folate, which is destroyed by ultraviolet radiation, and vitamin D, which requires sunlight to form. The Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. skin pigmentation of contemporary humans is geographically stratified, and in general correlates with the level of ultraviolet radiation. Human skin
Slide 19: also has a capacity to darken (sun tanning) in response to exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Humans tend to be physically weaker than other similairly sized primates, with young, conditioned male humans having been shown to be unable to match the strength of female orangutans which are at least three times stronger. Humans have proportionately shorter palates and much smaller teeth than other primates. They are the only primates to have short 'flush' canine teeth. Humans have characteristically crowded teeth, with gaps from lost teeth usually closing up quickly in young specimens. Humans are gradually losing their wisdom teeth, with some individuals having them congenitally absent. The average sleep requirement is between seven and eight hours a day for an adult and nine to ten hours for a child; elderly people usually sleep for six to seven hours. Experiencing less sleep than this is common in modern societies; this sleep deprivation can lead to negative effects. A sustained restriction of adult sleep to four hours per day has been shown to correlate with changes in physiology and mental state, including fatigue, aggression, and bodily discomfort. Humans are an eukaryotic species. Each diploid cell has two sets of 23 chromosomes, each set received from one parent. There are 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. By present estimates, humans have approximately 20,000 – 25,000 genes. Like other mammals, humans have an XY sex-determination system, so that females have the sex chromosomes XX and males have XY. The X chromosome is larger and carries many genes not on the Y chromosome, which means that recessive diseases associated with X-linked genes, such as hemophilia, affect men more often than women. The human life cycle is similar to that of other placental mammals. The fertilized egg divides inside the female's uterus to become an embryo, which over a period of thirty-eight weeks (9 months) of gestation becomes a human fetus. After this span of time, the fully-grown fetus is birthed from the woman's body and breathes independently as an infant for the first time. At this point, most modern cultures recognize the baby as a person
Slide 20: entitled to the full protection of the law, though some jurisdictions extend personhood earlier to human fetuses while they remain in the uterus. Compared with other species, human childbirth is dangerous. Painful labors lasting twenty-four hours or more are not uncommon and often leads to the death of the mother, or the child.[36] Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. This is because of both the relatively large fetal head circumference (for housing the brain) and the mother's relatively narrow pelvis (a trait required for successful bipedalism, by way of natural selection).The chances of a successful labor increased significantly during the 20th century in wealthier countries with the advent of new medical technologies. In contrast, pregnancy and natural childbirth remain relatively hazardous ordeals in developing regions of the world, with maternal death rates
Slide 21: approximately 100 times more common than in developed countries. Two young American girls photographed at an Inter-racial Christmas Seals Camp in August 1943 In developed countries, infants are typically 3 – 4 kg (6 – 9 pounds) in weight and 50 – 60 cm (20 – 24 inches) in height at birth.[41] However, low birth weight is common in developing countries, and contributes to the high levels of infant mortality in these regions. Helpless at birth, humans continue to grow for some years, typically reaching sexual maturity at 12 to 15 years of age. Females continue to develop physically until around the age of 18, whereas male development continues until around age 21. The human life span can be split into a number of stages: infancy, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, adulthood and old age. The lengths of these stages, however, have varied across cultures and time periods. Compared to other primates, humans experience an unusually rapid growth spurt during adolescence, where the body grows 25% in size. Chimpanzees, for example, grow only 14%.[43]Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. There are significant differences in life expectancy around the world. The developed world generally aging, with the median age around 40 years (highest in Monaco at 45.1 years). In the developing world the median age is between 15 and 20 years. Life expectancy at birth in Hong Kong, China is 84.8 years for a female and 78.9 for a male, while in Swaziland, primarily because of AIDS, it is 31.3 years for both sexes.While one in five Europeans is 60 years of age or older, only one in twenty Africans is 60 years of age or older. The number of centenarians (humans of age 100 years or older) in the world was estimated by the United Nations at 210,000 in 2002.At least one person, Jeanne Calment, is known to have reached the age of 122 years; higher ages have been claimed but they are not well substantiated. Worldwide, there are 81 men aged 60 or older for every 100 women of that age group, and among the oldest, there are 53 men for every 100 women. Humans are unique in the widespread onset of female menopause during the latter stage of life. Menopause is believed to have arisen due to the Grandmother hypothesis, in which it is in the mother's reproductive interest
Slide 22: to forgo the risks of death from childbirth at older ages in exchange for investing in the viability of her already living offspring. The philosophical questions of when human personhood begins and whether it persists after death are the subject of considerable debate. The prospect of death causes unease or fear for most humans, distinct from the immediate awareness of a threat. Burial ceremonies are characteristic of human societies, often accompanied by beliefs in an afterlife or immortality. Early Homo sapiens employed a hunter-gatherer method as their primary means of food collection, involving combining stationary plant and fungal food sources (such as fruits, grains, tubers, and mushrooms) with wild game, which must be hunted and killed in order to be consumed. It is believed that humans have used fire to prepare and cook food prior to eating since the time of their divergence from Homo erectus. Humans are omnivorous, capable of consuming both plant and animal products. A view of humans as omnivores is supported by the evidence that both a pure animal and a pure vegetable diet can lead to deficiency diseases in humans. A pure animal diet can, for instance, lead to scurvy, a vitamin C deficiency, while a pure plant diet may lead to vitamin B12 deficiency. The biggest problem posed by a vitamin B12 deficiency is that it severely limits the body's ability to synthesize folic acid, a main source of B group carriage. In order to counter the constant folic acid deficiency, one must regularly consume large amounts of folic acid, as may be found in green, leafy vegetables. Properly planned vegetarian and vegan diets, however, have been found to completely satisfy nutritional needs in every stage of life,[49]and significantly reduce risks of major diseases. The human diet is prominently reflected in human culture, and has led to the development of food science. In general, humans can survive for two to eight weeks without food, depending on stored body fat. Survival without water is usually limited to three or four days. Lack of food remains a serious problem, with about 300,000 people starving to death every year. Childhood malnutrition is also common and contributes to the global burden of disease.
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Slide 25: However global food distribution is not even, and obesity among some human populations has increased to almost epidemic proportions, leading to health complications and increased mortality in some developed, and a few developing countries. The United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) state that 32% of American adults over the age of 20 are obese, while 66.5% are obese or overweight. Obesity is caused by consuming more calories than are expended, with many attributing excessive weight gain to a combination of overeating and insufficient exercise. At least ten thousand years ago, humans developed agriculture, which has substantially altered the kind of food people eat. This has led to increased populations, the development of cities, and because of increased popula- tion density, the wider spread of infectious diseases. The types of food consumed, and the way in which they are prepared, has varied widely by time, location, and culture The human brain is the center of the central nervous system in humans, and acts as the primary control center for the peripheral nervous system. The brain controls "lower", or involuntary, autonomic activities such as the respiration, and Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. digestion. The brain also controls "higher" order, conscious activities, such as thought, reasoning, and abstraction. These cognitive processes constitute the mind, and, along with their behavioral consequences, are studied in the field of psychology. Generally regarded as more capable of these higher order activities, the human brain is believed to be more "intelligent" in general than that of any other known species. While many animals are capable of creating struc- tures and using simple tools — mostly through instinct and mimicry — human technology is vastly more complex, and is constantly evolving and improving through time. Even the most ancient human tools and structures are far more advanced than any structure or tool created by any other animal. Modern anthropology has tended to bear out Darwin's proposition that "the difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one of degree and not of kindProtected Property Intellectual
Slide 26: Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. The human ability to think abstractly may be unparalleled in the animal kingdom. Humans are one of only six species to pass the mirror test —which tests whether an animal recognizes its reflection as an image of itself —along with chimpanzees, orangutans, dolphins, and pigeons. In October 2006, three elephants at the Bronx Zoo also passed this test. Most human children will pass the mirror test at 18 months old. However, the usefulness of this test as a true test of consciousness has been disputed (see mirror test), and this may be a matter of degree rather than a sharp divide. Monkeys have been trained to apply abstract rules in tasks. The human brain perceives the external world through the senses, and each individual human is influenced greatly by his or her experiences, leading to subjective views of existence and the passage of time. Humans are variously said to possess consciousness, self-awareness, and a mind, which correspond roughly to the mental processes of thought. These are said to possess qualities such as self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and one's environ- ment. The extent to which the mind constructs or experiences the outer world is a matter of debate, as are the definitions and validity of many of the terms used above. The philosopher of cognitive science Daniel Dennett, for example, argues that there is no such thing as a narrative centre called the "mind", but that instead there is simply a collection of sensory inputs and outputs: different kinds of "software" running in parallel. Psychologist B.F. Skinner has argued that the mind is an explanatory fiction that diverts attention from environmental causes of behavior, and
Slide 27: that what are commonly seen as mental processes may be better con- ceived of as forms of covert verbal behavior. Humans study the more physical aspects of the mind and brain, and by extension of the nervous system, in the field of neurology, the more behavioral in the field of psychology, and a sometimes loosely-defined area between in the field of psychiatry, which treats mental illness and behav- ioral disorders. Psychology does not necessarily refer to the brain or nervous system, and can be framed purely in terms of phenomenological or information process- ing theories of the mind. Increasingly, however, an understanding of brain functions is being included in psychological theory and practice, particularly in areas such as artificial intelligence, neuropsychology, and cognitive neuroscience. The nature of thought is central to psychology and related fields. Cognitive psychology studies cognition, the mental processes underlying behavior. It uses information processing as a framework for understanding the mind. Perception, learning, problem solving, memory, attention, language and emotion are all well-researched areas as well. Cognitive psychology is associated with a school of thought known as cognitivism, whose adherents argue for an information processing model of mental function, informed by positivism and experimental psychology. Techniques and models from cognitive psychology are widely applied and form the mainstay of psychological theories in many areas of both research and applied psychology. Largely focusing on the development of the human mind through the life span, developmental psychology seeks to understand how people come to perceive, understand, and act within the world and how these processes change as they age. This may focus on intellectual, cognitive, neural, social, or moral development. Some philosophers divide consciousness into phenomenal consciousness, which is experience itself, and access consciousness, which is the pro- cessing of the things in experience.
Slide 29: Phenomenal consciousness is the state of being conscious, such as when they say "I am conscious." Access consciousness is being conscious of something in relation to abstract concepts, such as when one says "I am conscious of these words." Various forms of access consciousness include awareness, self-awareness, conscience, stream of consciousness, Husserl's phenomenology, and intentionality. The concept of phenomenal consciousness, in modern history, according to some, is closely related to the concept of qualia. Social psychology links sociology with psychology in their shared study of the nature and causes of human social interaction, with an emphasis on how people think towards each other and how they relate to each other. The behavior and mental processes, both human and non-human, can be described through animal cognition, ethology, evolutionary psychology, and comparative psychology as well. Human ecology is an academic discipline that investigates how humans and human societies interact with both their natural environment and the human social environment Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright 2008 PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Motivation is the driving force of desire behind all deliberate actions of human beings. Motivation is based on emotion — specifically, on the search for satisfaction (positive emotional experiences), and the avoidance of conflict. Positive and negative is defined by the individual brain state, which may be influenced by social norms: a person may be driven to self-injury or violence because their brain is conditioned to create a positive response to these actions. Motivation is important because it is involved in the perfor- mance of all learned responses. Within psychology, conflict avoidance and the libido are seen to be primary motivators. Within economics motivation is often seen to be based on financial incentives, moral incentives, or coercive incentives. Religions generally posit divine or demonic influences. Happiness, or the state of being happy, is a human emotional condition. The definition of happiness is a common philosophical topic. Some people
Slide 30: might define it as the best condition which a human can have — a condition of mental and physical health. Others define it as freedom from want and distress; consciousness of the good order of things; assurance of one's place in the universe or society. Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Emotion has a significant influence on, or can even be said to control, human behavior, though historically many cultures and philosophers have for various reasons discouraged allowing this influence to go unchecked. Emotional experiences perceived as pleasant, such as love, admiration, or joy, contrast with those perceived as unpleasant, like hate, envy, or sorrow. There is often a distinction made between refined emotions which are socially learned and survival oriented emotions, which are thought to be innate. Human exploration of emotions as separate from other neurological phenomena is worthy of note, particularly in cultures where emotion is considered separate from physiological state. In some cultural medical theories emotion is considered so synonymous with certain forms of physical health that no difference is thought to exist. The Stoics believed excessive emotion was harmful, while some Sufi teachers (in particular, the poet and astronomer Omar Khayyám) felt certain extreme emotions could yield a conceptual perfection, what is often translated as ecstasy. In modern scientific thought, certain refined emotions are considered to be a complex neural trait innate in a variety of domesticated and on- domesticated mammals. These were commonly developed in reaction to superior survival mecha- nisms and intelligent interaction with each other and the environment; as such, refined emotion is not in all cases as discrete and separate from natural neural function as was once assumed. However, when humans function in civilized tandem, it has been noted that uninhibited acting on extreme emotion can lead to social disorder and crime. Human sexuality, besides ensuring biological reproduction, has important
Slide 31: social functions: it creates physical intimacy, bonds, and hierarchies among individuals; may be directed to spiritual transcendence (according to some traditions); and in a hedonistic sense to the enjoyment of activity involving sexual gratification. Sexual desire, or libido, is experienced as a bodily urge, often accompa- nied by strong emotions such as love, ecstasy and jealousy. The extreme importance of sexuality in the human species can be seen in a number of physical features, among them hidden ovulation, strong sexual dimorphism when compared to the chimpanzees, permanent secondary sexual characteristics, the forming of pair bonds based on sexual attraction as a common social structure and sexual ability in females outside of ovulation. These adaptations indicate that the importance of sexuality in humans is on par with that found in the Bonobo, and that the complex human sexual behaviour has a long evolutionary history.Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. As with other human self-descriptions, humans propose that it is high intelligence and complex societies of humans that have produced the most complex sexual behaviors of any animal, including a great many behaviors that are not directly connected with reproduction. Human sexual choices are usually made in reference to cultural norms, which vary widely. Restrictions are sometimes determined by religious beliefs or social customs. The pioneering researcher Sigmund Freud believed that humans are born polymorphously perverse, which means that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure. According to Freud, humans then pass through five stages of psychosex- ual development (and can fixate on any stage because of various traumas during the process). For Alfred Kinsey, another influential sex researcher, people can fall anywhere along a continuous scale of sexual orientation (with only small minorities fully heterosexual or homosexual). Recent studies of neurology and genetics suggest people may be born with one
Slide 32: sexual orientation or another, so there is not currently a clear consensus among sex research Culture is defined here as a set of distinctive material, intellectual, emo- tional, and spiritual features of a social group, including art, literature, lifestyles, value systems, traditions, rituals, and beliefs. The link between human biology and human behavior and culture is often very close, making it difficult to clearly divide topics into one area or the other; as such, the placement of some subjects may be based primarily on convention. Culture consists of values, social norms, and artifacts. A culture's values define what it holds to be important or ethical. Closely linked are norms, expecta- tions of how people ought to behave, bound by tradition. Artifacts, or material culture, are objects derived from the culture's values, norms, and understanding of the world. The mainstream anthropological view of cul-
Slide 33: ture implies that most experience a strong resistance when reminded that there is an animal as well as a spiritual aspect to human nature The capacity humans have to transfer concepts, ideas and notions through speech and writing is unrivaled in known species. Unlike the call systems of other primates which are closed, human language is far more open, and gains variety in different situations. The human language has the quality of displacement, using words to represent things and happenings that are not presently or locally occurring, but elsewhere or at a different time. Technology has even advanced so as to allow the communication of mass data upon request and over great distance through data-nets and pro- grams such as Wikipedia. In this way data networks are important to the continuing development of language; changing it as just as Gutenberg did with the printing press. The faculty of speech is a defining feature of humanity, possibly predating phylogenetic separation of the modern population. Language is central to the communication between humans, as well as being central to the sense of identity that unites nations, cultures and ethnic groups. The invention of writing systems at least 5,000 years ago allowed the preservation of language on material objects, and was a major step in cultural evolution. Language is closely tied to ritual and religion (cf. mantra, sacred text). The science of linguistics describes the structure of language and the relationship between languages. There are approximately 6,000 different languages currently in use, including sign languages, and many thousands more that are considered extinct.Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Religion—sometimes used interchangeably with "faith"—is generally de- fined as a belief system concerning the supernatural, sacred or divine, and moral codes, practices, values, institutions and rituals associated with such belief. In the course of its development, religion has taken on many forms
Slide 34: that vary by culture and individual perspective. Some of the chief questions and issues religions are concerned with include life after death (commonly involving belief in an afterlife), the origin of life (the source of a variety of creation myths), the nature of the universe (religious cosmology) and its ultimate fate (eschatology), and what is moral or immoral. A common source in religions for answers to these questions are transcendent divine beings such as deities or a singular God, although not all religions are theistic — many are nontheistic or ambiguous on the topic, particularly among the Eastern religions. Spirituality, belief or involvement in matters of the soul or spirit, is one of the many different approaches humans take in trying to answer fundamental questions about humankind's place in the universe, the meaning of life, and the ideal way to live one's life. Though these topics have also been addressed by philosophy, and to some extent by science, spirituality is unique in that it focuses on mystical or supernatu- ral concepts such as karma and God. Although a majority of humans profess some variety of religious or spiritual belief, some are irreligious, that is lacking or rejecting belief in the super- natural or spiritual. Additionally, although most religions and spiritual beliefs are clearly distinct from science on both a philosophical and methodological level, the two are not generally considered to be mutually exclusive; a majority of humans hold a mix of both scientific and religious views. The distinction between philosophy and religion, on the other hand, is at times less clear, and the two are linked in such fields as the philosophy of religion and theology. Other humans have no religious beliefs and are atheists Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Philosophy is a discipline or field of study involving the investigation, analysis, and development of ideas at a general, abstract, or fundamental level. It is the discipline searching for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative means. The core philosophical disciplines are logic, ontology or metaphysics, epistemology, and axiology, which includes the branches of ethics and aesthetics. Philosophy covers a very wide range of approaches, and is also
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Slide 36: used to refer to a worldview, to a perspective
on an issue, or to the positions argued for by a particular philosopher or school of philosophy. Plato and Aristotle in a detail from The School of Athens by Raphael. Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy concerned with the study of first principles, being and existence (ontology). In between the doctrines of religion and science, stands the philosophical perspective of metaphysical cosmology. This ancient field of study seeks to draw logical conclusions about the nature of the universe, humanity, god, and/or their connections based on the extension of some set of presumed facts borrowed from religion and/or observation. Humans often consider themselves to be the dominant species on Earth, and the most advanced in intelligence and ability to manage their environ- ment. This belief is especially strong in modern Western culture. Alongside such claims of dominance is often found radical pessimism because of the frailty and brevity of human life. Humanism is a philosophy which defines a socio-political doctrine the bounds of which are not constrained by those of locally developed cultures, but whic h seeks to include all of humanity and all issues common to human beings. Because spiritual beliefs of a community often manifests as religious doctrine, the history of which is as factious as it is unitive, secular humanism grew as an answer to the need for a common philosophy that transcended the cultural boundaries of local moral codes and religions. Many humanists are religious, however, and see humanism as simply a mature expression of a common truth present in most religions. Humanists affirm the possibility of an objective truth and accept that human perception of that truth is imperfect. The most basic tenets of humanism are that humans matter and can solve human problems, and that science, freedom of speech, rational thought, democracy, and freedom in the arts are worthy pursuits or goals for all peoples. Humanism depends chiefly on reason and logic without consider- ation for the supernatural Artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind, from early
Slide 37: pre-historic art to contemporary art. Art is one of the most unusual aspects of human behavior and a key distinguishing feature of humans from other species, In fact the only species to do so. Art has only been around for the last 35,000 years which could suggest that this was the time when humans started to 'think'. Sculpture by Malvina Hoffman of an Asian human male meditating. As a form of cultural expression by humans, art may be defined by the pursuit of diversity and the usage of narratives of liberation and exploration (i.e. art history, art criticism, and art theory) to mediate its boundaries. This distinction may be applied to objects or performances, current or historical, and its prestige extends to those who made, found, exhibit, or own them. In the modern use of the word, art is commonly understood to be the process or result of making material works which, from concept to creation, adhere to the "creative impulse" of human beings. Art is distinguished from other works by being in large part unprompted by necessity, by biological drive, or by any undisciplined pursuit of recreation. Music is a natural intuitive phenomenon based on the three distinct and interrelated organization structures of rhythm, harmony, and melody. Lis- tening to music is perhaps the most common and universal form of entertainment for humans, while learning and understanding it are popular disciplines. There are a wide variety of music genres and ethnic musics. Literature, the body of written — and possibly oral — works, especially creative ones, includes prose, poetry and drama, both fiction and non- fiction. Literature includes such genres as epic, legend, myth, ballad, and folklore Science is the discovery of knowledge about the world by verifiable means. Technology is the objects humans make to serve their purposes. Human cultures are both characterized and differentiated by the objects that they make and use. Archaeology attempts to tell the story of past or lost cultures in part by close examination of the artifacts they produced. Early humans left stone tools, pottery and jewelry that are particular to various regions and times. Improvements in technology are passed from one culture to another. For instance, the cultivation of crops arose in several different locations, but
Slide 38: quickly spread to be an almost ubiquitous feature of human life. Similarly, advances in weapons, architecture and metallurgy are quickly dissemi- nated. Space science provides a new perspective on human significance Although such techniques can be passed on by oral tradition, the develop- ment of writing, itself a kind of technology, made it possible to pass information from generation to generation and from region to region with greater accuracy. Together, these developments made possible the commencement of civi- lization and urbanization, with their inherently complex social arrange- ments. Eventually this led to the institutionalization of the development of new technology, and the associated understanding of the way the world functions. This science now forms a central part of human culture. In recent times, physics and astrophysics have come to play a central role in shaping what is now known as physical cosmology, that is, the understanding of the universe through scientific observation and experiment. This discipline, which focuses on the universe as it exists on the largest scales and at the earliest times, begins by arguing for the big bang, a sort of cosmic expansion from which the universe itself is said to have erupted ~13.7 ± 0.2 billion (10) years ago. After its violent beginnings and until its very end, scientists then propose that the entire history of the universe has been an orderly progression governed by physical laws Humans often categorize themselves in terms of race or ethnicity, although the validity of human races as true biological categories is questionable. Human racial categories are based on both ancestry and visible traits, especially skin color and facial features. These categories may also carry some information on non-visible biological traits, such as the risk of developing particular diseases such as sickle-cell disease. Currently available genetic and archaeological evidence is generally inter- preted as supportive of a recent single origin of modern humans in East Africa.[68] Current genetic studies have demonstrated that humans on the
Slide 39: African continent are most genetically diverse. However, compared to many other animals, human gene sequences are remarkably homogeneous. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the great majority of genetic variation occurs within "racial groups", with only 5 to 15% of total variation occurring between racial groups. However, this remains an area of active debate. Ethnic groups, on the other hand, are more often linked by linguistic, cultural, ancestral, and national or regional ties. Self-identification with an ethnic group is based on kinship and descent. Race and ethnicity can lead to variant treatment and impact social identity, giving rise to racism and the theory of identity politics. Society is the system of organizations and institutions arising from interac- tion between humans. A state is an organized political community occupy- ing a definite territory, having an organized government, and possessing internal and external sovereignty. Recognition of the state's claim to independence by other states, enabling it to enter into international agreements, is often important to the establish- ment of its statehood. The "state" can also be defined in terms of domestic conditions, specifically, as conceptualized by Max Weber, "a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the 'legitimate' use of physical force within a given territory." Government can be defined as the political means of creating and enforc- ing laws; typically via a bureaucratic hierarchy. Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. Although the term is generally applied to behavior within governments, politics is also observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions. Many different political systems exist, as do many different ways of understanding them, and many definitions overlap. The most common form of government worldwide is a republic, however other examples include
Slide 40: monarchy, social democracy, military dictatorship and theocracy. All of these issues have a direct relationship with economics War is a state of widespread conflict between states, organizations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterized by the use of lethal violence between combatants or upon civilians. It is estimated that during the 20th century between 167 and 188 million humans died as a result of war. A common perception of war is a series of military campaigns between at least two opposing sides involving a dispute over sovereignty, territory, resources, religion or other issues. A war said to liberate an occupied country is sometimes characterized as a "war of liberation", while a war between internal elements of a state is a civil war. Full scale pitched-battle wars between adversaries of comparable strength appear to have nearly disappeared from human activity, with the last major one in the Congo region winding down in the late 1990s. Nearly all war now is asymmetric warfare, in which campaigns of sabotage, guerrilla warfare and sometimes acts of terrorism disrupt control and supply of better-equipped occupying forces, resulting in long low-intensity wars of attrition. Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. War is one of the main catalysts for human advances in technology. Throughout human history there has been a constant struggle between defense and offence, including the technologies behind armour and weapons designed to penetrate it. Modern examples include the bunker buster bomb and the bunkers which they are designed to destroy. Impor- tant inventions such as medicine, navigation, metallurgy, mass production, nuclear power, rocketry and computers have been completely or partially driven by war. There have been a wide variety of rapidly advancing tactics throughout the history of war, ranging from conventional war to asymmetric warfare to total war and unconventional warfare. Techniques include hand to hand com- bat, the use of ranged weapons, and ethnic cleansing. Military intelligence
Slide 41: has often played a key role in determining victory and defeat. Propaganda, which often includes factual information, slanted opinion and disinforma- tion, plays a key role in maintaining unity within a warring group, and/or sowing discord among opponents. In modern warfare, soldiers and armoured fighting vehicles are used to control the land, warships the sea, and air power the sky. These fields have also overlapped in the forms of marines, paratroopers, naval aircraft carriers, and surface-to-air missiles, among others. Satellites in low Earth orbit have made outer space a factor in warfare as well, although no actual warfare is currently carried out in space Trade is the voluntary exchange of goods, services and a form of eco- nomics. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market. The original form of trade was barter, the direct exchange of goods and services. Modern traders instead generally negotiate through a medium of ex- change, such as money. As a result, buying can be separated from selling, or earning. The invention of money (and later credit, paper money and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted trade. Because of specialization and division of labor, most people concentrate on a small aspect of manufacturing or service, trading their labour for products. Trade exists between regions because different regions have an absolute or comparative advantage in the production of some tradeable commodity, or because different regions' size allows for the benefits of mass production. Economics is a social science which studies the production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on measurable variables, and is broadly divided into two main branches: microeconomics, which deals with individual agents, such as households and businesses, and macroeconomics, which consid- ers the economy as a whole, in which case it considers aggregate supply and demand for money, capital and commodities. Aspects receiving partic- ular attention in economics are resource allocation, production, distribution, trade, and competition. Economic logic is increasingly applied to any problem that involves choice under scarcity or determining economic value. Mainstream economics focuses on how prices reflect supply and demand, and uses equations to
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Slide 1: 2008 PeopleNology for Women Gregory Bodenhamer Mechanicsburg Pa PeopleNology for Women - The Diary of Evolutionary Secrets Copyrighted 2008 All Rights Reserved 092008 Human Resources HR Managment Process Controls Compliance Profit Service Revenue Growth Marriage Bedroom Boardroom Income Children Investment Divorce
Slide 2: The word girl first appeared during the Middle Ages between 1250 and 1300 CE and came from the Anglo-Saxon words gerle (also spelled girle or gurle), likely cognate with the Old Low German word gör (sometimes given as kerl).[2] The Anglo-Saxon word gerela meaning dress or clothing item also seems to have been used as a metonym in some sense. Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Seduction Selection Success Solutions Social Science PeopleNology by Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D GregoryBodenhamer@Live.com Adult Female Male Sexual Education Nollijy Franklin University Research Institute Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Powerful Humanistic Development According to Erikson, the young adult stage involves the personal need for intimacy and sex. Failure to achieve this need results in isolation, which is
Slide 3: avoided, and as a result the young adult strives for love and compassion. The young adult learns that love and compassion may get him or her what he or she wants. In modern societies, young adults in their late teens and early 20s en- counter a number of issues as they finish school and begin to hold full-time jobs and take on other responsibilities of adulthood. In the late teens and early 20s, young adults become individuals and will set themselves apart. Self becomes the main reliance. Young adults will strive to become independent from parents, take respon- sibility for themselves and make their own decisions. During the young adult stage, mainly the majority think in a more mature manner and take issues more seriously. They focus on the construction of a better future. Adolescents are generally regarded as naïve and inexperienced, but are expected to grow into mature adults in their 20s. Young adults in this stage of human development learn value in both tangible and intangible objects. Their relationships with their parents and older adults change. However, in many cases, young adults and adolescents have enormous talent that can, in cases, outstrip some adults' talents. In many cases, problems such as lack of time (schooling and other commitments) and lack of money can arrest the adolescent's development in terms of intellectual and talent growth Womanhood is the period in a female's life after she has transitioned from girlhood, at least physically, having passed the age of menarche. Many cultures have rites of passage to symbolize a woman's coming of age, such as confirmation in some branches of Christianity, bat mitzvah in Judaism, or even just the custom of a special celebration for a certain birthday (generally between 12 and 21). The word woman can be used generally, to mean any female human, or specifically, to mean an adult female human as contrasted with girl. The word girl originally meant "young person of either sex" in English; it was only around the beginning of the 16th century that it came to mean specifically a female child. Nowadays girl sometimes is used colloquially to refer to a young or unmarried woman. During the early 1970s feminists challenged such use, and use of the word to refer to a fully grown woman
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Slide 5: ay cause offence. In particular previously common terms such as office girl are no longer used. Conversely, in certain cultures which link family honor with female virginity, the word girl is still used to refer to a never-married woman; in this sense it is used in a fashion roughly analogous to the obsolete English maid or maiden. Referring to an unmarried female as a woman may, in such a culture, imply that she is sexually experienced, which would be an insult to her family. In some settings, the use of girl to refer to an adult female is a vestigial practice (such as girls' night out), even among some elderly women. In this sense, girl may be considered to be the analogue to the British word bloke for a man, although it again fails to meet the parallel status as an adult. Gal aside, some feminists cite this lack of an informal yet respectful term for women as misogynistic; they regard non-parallel usages, such as men and girls, as sexist. There are various words used to refer to the quality of being a woman. The term "womanhood" merely means the state of being a woman, having passed the menarche; "femininity" is used to refer to a set of supposedly
Slide 6: typical female qualities associated with a certain attitude to gender roles; "womanliness" is like "femininity", but is usually associated with a different view of gender roles; "femaleness" is a general term, but is often used as shorthand for "human femaleness"; "distaff" is an archaic adjective derived from women's conventional role as a spinner, now used only as a deliber- ate archaism; "muliebrity" is a "neologism" (derived from the Latin) meant to provide a female counterpart of "virility", but used very loosely, some- times to mean merely "womanhood", sometimes "femininity", and some- times even as a collective term for women. Gregory Bodenhamer PeopleNology for Women Career Marriage Divorce Children BedRock BedRoom BoardRoom
Slide 8: The term adult has three distinct meanings: • Grown man or woman; mature person. • Plant or animal that has reached full growth. • One who is legally of age. Opposed to minor. • Adulthood can be defined in terms of biology, psychological adult develop- ment, law, personal character, or social status. These different aspects of adulthood are often inconsistent and contradictory. A person may be biologically an adult, and have adult behavioral characteristics but still be treated as a child if they are under the legal age of majority. Conversely one may legally be an adult but possess none of the maturity and responsibility that define adult character. Coming of age is the event; passing a series of tests to demonstrate the child is prepared for adulthood; or reaching a specified age, sometimes in conjunction with demonstrating preparation. Most modern societies deter- mine legal adulthood based on reaching a legally-specified age without requiring a demonstration of physical maturity or preparation for adulthood. Although adult education simply means education for adults, not particu- larly sex education, "adult" also means "not considered suitable for chil- dren," in particular as a euphemism for being related to sexual behaviour. Some propose that moving into adulthood involves an emotional structur- ing of denial. This process becomes necessary to cope with one's own behaviour, especially in uncomfortable situations, and also the behaviour of others Girl has meant any young unmarried woman since about 1530. Its first noted meaning for sweetheart is 1648. The earliest known appearance of girl-friend is in 1892 and girl next door, meant as a teenaged female or young woman with a kind of wholesome appeal, dates only to
Slide 9: 1961Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. European fairy tales have preserved memorable stories about girls. Among these are Goldilocks and the Three Bears, Rapunzel, Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Match Girl, The Little Mermaid, The Princess and the Pea and the Brothers Grimm's Little Red Riding Hood. Children's books about girls include Little House on the Prairie, Alice in Wonderland, Pippi Longstocking, Dragonsong and A Wrinkle in Time. Books which have both boy and girl protagonists have tended to focus more on the boys but important girl characters appear in Knight's Castle, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Book of Three and the Harry Potter series. There have been many American comic booksProtected Property Intellec- tual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. and comic strips featuring a girl as the main character such as Little Lulu, Little Orphan Annie, Girl Genius and Amelia Rules. In superhero comic books an early girl character was Etta Candy, one of Wonder Woman's sidekicks. In the Peanuts series (by Charles Schulz) girl characters include Peppermint Patty, Lucy van Pelt and Sally Brown. In Japanese animated cartoons and comic books girls are often protago- nists. Most of Hayao Miyazaki's animated films feature a young girl heroine, as in Majo no takkyûbin (Kiki's Delivery Service). There are many other girl protagonists in the Shôjo style of manga, which is targeted to girls as an audience. Among these are The Wallflower, Ceres, Celestial Leg- end, Tokyo Mew Mew and Full Moon o Sagashite. Meanwhile, some genres of Japanese cartoons may feature sexualized and objectified portrayals of girls. Sexualization of young girls in art and entertainment has been a common theme across all eras and mediums. This has been more or less explicitly visible in modern cinema and television. Some famous examples include Taxi Driver, Diva, Lolita The Blue Lagoon, Léon: The Professional and Pretty Baby, all of which deal with young girls in adult situations, typically under extraordinary circumstances.
Slide 10: Humans, or human beings, are bipedal primates belonging to the mam- malian species Homo sapiens (Latin: "wise human" or "knowing hu- man"[2]) in the family Hominidae (the great apes).[3][4] DNA evidence indicates that modern humans originated in Africa about 200,000 years ago.[5] Compared to other species, humans have a highly developed brain, capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and emotional suffering. This mental capability, combined with an erect body carriage that frees the forelimbs (arms) for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to make far greater use of tools than any other species. Humans now inhabit every continent on Earth, except Antarctica (although several governments maintain permanent research stations there, inhabited for short periods by scientists and other researchers). Humans also now have a continuous presence in low Earth orbit, occupying the International Space Station. The human population on Earth now amounts to over 6.6 billion, as of May 2008. Like most primates, humans are social by nature. However, they are particularly adept at utilizing systems of communication for self-expression, exchanging of ideas, and organization. Humans create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families to nations. Social interactions between humans have established an extremely wide variety of traditions, rituals, ethics, values, social norms, and laws, which together form the basis of human society. Humans have a marked appreciation for beauty and aesthetics, which, combined with the desire for self-expression, has led to cultural innovations such as art, literature and music. Humans are noted (by themselves) for their desire to understand and influence the world around them, seeking to explain and manipulate natural phenomena through science, philosophy, mythology and religion. This natural curiosity has led to the development of advanced tools and skills; humans are the only extant species known to build fires, cook their food, clothe themselves, and manipulate and develop numerous other technolo- gies. Humans pass down their skills and knowledge to the next generations through education. The scientific study of human evolution encompasses the development of the genus Homo, but usually involves studying other hominids and ho- minines as well, such as Australopithecus. "Modern humans" are defined as the Homo sapiens species, of which the only extant subspecies - our
Slide 11: own - was formerly known as Homo sapiens sapiens (now simply known as Homo sapiens). Homo sapiens idaltu (roughly translated as "elder wise human"), the other known subspecies, is now extinct. Anatomically modern humans first appear in the fossil record in Africa about 200,000 years ago.[8][9]Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copy- right PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. The closest living relatives of Homo sapiens are the two chimpanzee species: the Common Chimpanzee and the Bonobo. Full genome se- quencing has resulted in the conclusion that "after 6.5 [million] years of separate evolution, the differences between chimpanzee and human are just 10 times greater than those between two unrelated people and 10 times less than those between rats and mice". In fact, 98.4% of the human DNA sequence is identical to that of chimpanzees. It has been estimated that the human lineage diverged from that of chimpanzees about five million years ago, and from that of gorillas about eight million years ago. However, a hominid skull discovered in Chad in 2001, classified as Sahelanthropus tchadensis, is approximately seven million years old, which may indicate an earlier divergence. The Recent African Origin (RAO), or "out-of-Africa", hypothesis proposes that modern humans evolved in Africa before later migrating outwards to replace hominids in other parts of the world. Evidence from archaeogenet- ics accumulating since the 1990s has lent strong support to RAO, and has marginalized the competing multiregional hypothesis, which proposed that modern humans evolved, at least in part, from independent hominid populations.[15] Geneticists Lynn Jorde and Henry Harpending of the University of Utah propose that the variation in human DNA is minute compared to that of other species. They also propose that during the Late Pleistocene, the human population was reduced to a small number of breeding pairs – no more than 10,000, and possibly as few as 1,000 –resulting in a very small residual gene pool. Various reasons for this hypothetical bottleneck have been postulated, one being the Toba catas- trophe theory.Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D.
Slide 12: Wisdom for Women of all ages, of all generations, around the world, PeopleNology for Women
Slide 13: Human evolution is characterized by a number of important morphological, developmental, physiological and behavioural changes, which have taken place since the split between the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. The first major morphological change was the evolution of a bipedal locomotor adaptation from an arboreal or semi-arboreal one,[16] with all its attendant adaptations, such as a valgus knee, low intermembral index (long legs relative to the arms), and reduced upper-body strength. Later, ancestral humans developed a much larger brain – typically 1,400 cm³ in modern humans, over twice the size of that of a chimpanzee or gorilla. The pattern of human postnatal brain growth differs from that of other apes (heterochrony), and allows for extended periods of social learning and language acquisition in juvenile humans. Physical anthropolo- gists argue that the differences between the structure of human brains and those of other apes are even more significant than their differences in size.
Slide 14: Other significant morphological changes included: the evolution of a power and precision grip;[17] a reduced masticatory system; a reduction of the canine tooth; and the descent of the larynx and hyoid bone, making speech possible. An important physiological change in humans was the evolution of hidden oestrus, or concealed ovulation, which may have coincided with the evolution of important behavioural changes, such as pair bonding. Another significant behavioural change was the development of material culture, with human-made objects becoming increasingly common and diversified over time. The relationship between all these changes is the subject of ongoing debate.Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. The most widely accepted view among current anthropologists is that Homo sapiens originated in the African savanna around 200,000 BP (Before Present), descending from Homo erectus, had inhabited Eurasia and Oceania by 40,000 BP, and finally inhabited the Americas approxi- mately 14,500 years ago. They displaced Homo neanderthalensis and other species descended from Homo erectus (which had inhabited Eurasia as early as 2 million years ago) through more successful reproduction and competition for resources. Until c. 10,000 years ago, most humans lived as hunter-gatherers. They generally lived in small nomadic groups known as band societies. The advent of agriculture prompted the Neolithic Revolution, when access to food surplus led to the formation of permanent human settlements, the domestication of animals and the use of metal tools. Agriculture encour- aged trade and cooperation, and led to complex society. Because of the significance of this date for human society, it is the epoch of the Holocene calendar or Human Era. About 6,000 years ago, the first proto-states developed in Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Indus Valley. Military forces were formed for protection, and government bureaucracies for administration. States cooperated and com- peted for resources, in some cases waging wars. Around 2,000–3,000 years ago, some states, such as Persia, India, China and Rome, devel- oped through conquest into the first expansive empires. Influential reli- gions, such as Judaism, originating in the Middle East, and Hinduism, a
Slide 15: religious tradition that originated in South Asia, also rose to prominence at this time. The late Middle Ages saw the rise of revolutionary ideas and technologies. In China, an advanced and urbanized economy promoted innovations such as printing and the compass, while the Islamic Golden Age saw major scientific advancements in Muslim empires. In Europe, the rediscovery of classical learning and inventions such as the printing press led to the Renaissance in the 14th century. Over the next 500 years, exploration and imperialistic conquest brought much of the Americas, Asia, and Africa under European control, leading to later struggles for independence. The Scientific Revolution in the 17th century and the Industrial Revolution in the 18th – Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. 19th centuries promoted major innovations in transport, such as the railway and automobile; energy development, such as coal and electricity; and government, such as representative democracy and Communism. As a result of such changes, modern humans live in a world that has become increasingly globalized and interconnected. Although this has encouraged the growth of science, art, and technology, it has also led to culture clashes, the development and use of weapons of mass destruction, and increased environmental destruction and pollution. Early human settlements were dependent on proximity to water and, depending on the lifestyle, other natural resources, such as fertile land for growing crops and grazing livestock, or seasonally by hunting populations of prey. However, humans have a great capacity for altering their habitats by various methods, such as through irrigation, urban planning, construc- tion, transport, and manufacturing goods. With the advent of large-scale trade and transport infrastructure, proximity to these resources has be- come unnecessary, and in many places these factors are no longer a driving force behind the growth and decline of a population. Nonetheless, the manner in which a habitat is altered is often a major determinant in population change. Technology has allowed humans to colonize all of the continents and adapt to all climates. Within the last few decades, humans have explored Antarctica, the ocean depths, and space, although long-term habitation of
Slide 17: hese environments is not yet possible. With a population of over six billion, humans are among the most numerous of the large mammals. Most humans (61%) live in Asia. The vast majority of the remainder live in the Americas (14%), Africa (14%) and Europe (11%), with 0.5% in Ocea- nia.Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Human habitation within closed ecological systems in hostile environ- ments, such as Antarctica and outer space, is expensive, typically limited in duration, and restricted to scientific, military, or industrial expeditions. Life in space has been very sporadic, with no more than thirteen humans in space at any given time. Between 1969 and 1972, two humans at a time spent brief intervals on the Moon. As of early 2008, no other celestial body has been visited by human beings, although there has been a continuous human presence in space since the launch of the initial crew to inhabit the International Space Station on October 31, 2000. Other celestial bodies have, however, been visited by human-made objects. Since 1800, the human population increased from one billion to over six billion. In 2004, some 2.5 billion out of 6.3 billion people (39.7%) lived in urban areas, and this percentage is expected to rise throughout the 21st century. Problems for humans living in cities include various forms of pollution and crime, especially in inner city and suburban slums. Benefits of urban living include increased literacy, access to the global canon of human knowledge and decreased susceptibility to rural famines.Protected Property Intellec- tual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Humans have had a dramatic effect on the environment. It has been hypothesized that human predation has contributed to the extinction of numerous species. As humans stand at the top of the food chain and are not generally preyed upon, they have been described as superpredators. Currently, through land development and pollution, humans are thought to
Slide 18: be the main contributor to global climate change. This is believed to be a major contributor to the ongoing Holocene extinction event, a mass extinction which, if it continues at its current rate, is predicted to wipe out half of all species over the next century Human body types vary substantially. Although body size is largely deter- mined by genes, it is also significantly influenced by environmental factors such as diet and exercise. The average height of an adult human is about 1.5 to 1.8 m (5 to 6 feet) tall, although this varies significantly from place to place. Unlike most other primates, humans are capable of fully bipedal locomo- tion, thus leaving their arms available for manipulating objects using their hands, aided especially by opposable thumbs.Protected Property Intellec- tual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Although humans appear relatively hairless compared to other primates, with notable hair growth occurring chiefly on the top of the head, under- arms and pubic area, the average human has more hair follicles on his or her body than the average chimpanzee. The main distinction is that human hairs are shorter, finer, and less heavily pigmented than the average chimpanzee's, thus making them harder to see. The hue of human hair and skin is determined by the presence of pigments called melanins. Human skin hues can range from very dark brown to very pale pink, while human hair ranges from blond to brown to red to, most commonly, black, depending on the amount of melanin (an effective sun blocking pigment) in the skin. Most researchers believe that skin darkening was an adaptation that evolved as a protection against ultraviolet solar radiation. More recently, however, it has been argued that particular skin colors are an adaptation to balance folate, which is destroyed by ultraviolet radiation, and vitamin D, which requires sunlight to form. The Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. skin pigmentation of contemporary humans is geographically stratified, and in general correlates with the level of ultraviolet radiation. Human skin
Slide 19: also has a capacity to darken (sun tanning) in response to exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Humans tend to be physically weaker than other similairly sized primates, with young, conditioned male humans having been shown to be unable to match the strength of female orangutans which are at least three times stronger. Humans have proportionately shorter palates and much smaller teeth than other primates. They are the only primates to have short 'flush' canine teeth. Humans have characteristically crowded teeth, with gaps from lost teeth usually closing up quickly in young specimens. Humans are gradually losing their wisdom teeth, with some individuals having them congenitally absent. The average sleep requirement is between seven and eight hours a day for an adult and nine to ten hours for a child; elderly people usually sleep for six to seven hours. Experiencing less sleep than this is common in modern societies; this sleep deprivation can lead to negative effects. A sustained restriction of adult sleep to four hours per day has been shown to correlate with changes in physiology and mental state, including fatigue, aggression, and bodily discomfort. Humans are an eukaryotic species. Each diploid cell has two sets of 23 chromosomes, each set received from one parent. There are 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. By present estimates, humans have approximately 20,000 – 25,000 genes. Like other mammals, humans have an XY sex-determination system, so that females have the sex chromosomes XX and males have XY. The X chromosome is larger and carries many genes not on the Y chromosome, which means that recessive diseases associated with X-linked genes, such as hemophilia, affect men more often than women. The human life cycle is similar to that of other placental mammals. The fertilized egg divides inside the female's uterus to become an embryo, which over a period of thirty-eight weeks (9 months) of gestation becomes a human fetus. After this span of time, the fully-grown fetus is birthed from the woman's body and breathes independently as an infant for the first time. At this point, most modern cultures recognize the baby as a person
Slide 20: entitled to the full protection of the law, though some jurisdictions extend personhood earlier to human fetuses while they remain in the uterus. Compared with other species, human childbirth is dangerous. Painful labors lasting twenty-four hours or more are not uncommon and often leads to the death of the mother, or the child.[36] Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. This is because of both the relatively large fetal head circumference (for housing the brain) and the mother's relatively narrow pelvis (a trait required for successful bipedalism, by way of natural selection).The chances of a successful labor increased significantly during the 20th century in wealthier countries with the advent of new medical technologies. In contrast, pregnancy and natural childbirth remain relatively hazardous ordeals in developing regions of the world, with maternal death rates
Slide 21: approximately 100 times more common than in developed countries. Two young American girls photographed at an Inter-racial Christmas Seals Camp in August 1943 In developed countries, infants are typically 3 – 4 kg (6 – 9 pounds) in weight and 50 – 60 cm (20 – 24 inches) in height at birth.[41] However, low birth weight is common in developing countries, and contributes to the high levels of infant mortality in these regions. Helpless at birth, humans continue to grow for some years, typically reaching sexual maturity at 12 to 15 years of age. Females continue to develop physically until around the age of 18, whereas male development continues until around age 21. The human life span can be split into a number of stages: infancy, childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, adulthood and old age. The lengths of these stages, however, have varied across cultures and time periods. Compared to other primates, humans experience an unusually rapid growth spurt during adolescence, where the body grows 25% in size. Chimpanzees, for example, grow only 14%.[43]Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. There are significant differences in life expectancy around the world. The developed world generally aging, with the median age around 40 years (highest in Monaco at 45.1 years). In the developing world the median age is between 15 and 20 years. Life expectancy at birth in Hong Kong, China is 84.8 years for a female and 78.9 for a male, while in Swaziland, primarily because of AIDS, it is 31.3 years for both sexes.While one in five Europeans is 60 years of age or older, only one in twenty Africans is 60 years of age or older. The number of centenarians (humans of age 100 years or older) in the world was estimated by the United Nations at 210,000 in 2002.At least one person, Jeanne Calment, is known to have reached the age of 122 years; higher ages have been claimed but they are not well substantiated. Worldwide, there are 81 men aged 60 or older for every 100 women of that age group, and among the oldest, there are 53 men for every 100 women. Humans are unique in the widespread onset of female menopause during the latter stage of life. Menopause is believed to have arisen due to the Grandmother hypothesis, in which it is in the mother's reproductive interest
Slide 22: to forgo the risks of death from childbirth at older ages in exchange for investing in the viability of her already living offspring. The philosophical questions of when human personhood begins and whether it persists after death are the subject of considerable debate. The prospect of death causes unease or fear for most humans, distinct from the immediate awareness of a threat. Burial ceremonies are characteristic of human societies, often accompanied by beliefs in an afterlife or immortality. Early Homo sapiens employed a hunter-gatherer method as their primary means of food collection, involving combining stationary plant and fungal food sources (such as fruits, grains, tubers, and mushrooms) with wild game, which must be hunted and killed in order to be consumed. It is believed that humans have used fire to prepare and cook food prior to eating since the time of their divergence from Homo erectus. Humans are omnivorous, capable of consuming both plant and animal products. A view of humans as omnivores is supported by the evidence that both a pure animal and a pure vegetable diet can lead to deficiency diseases in humans. A pure animal diet can, for instance, lead to scurvy, a vitamin C deficiency, while a pure plant diet may lead to vitamin B12 deficiency. The biggest problem posed by a vitamin B12 deficiency is that it severely limits the body's ability to synthesize folic acid, a main source of B group carriage. In order to counter the constant folic acid deficiency, one must regularly consume large amounts of folic acid, as may be found in green, leafy vegetables. Properly planned vegetarian and vegan diets, however, have been found to completely satisfy nutritional needs in every stage of life,[49]and significantly reduce risks of major diseases. The human diet is prominently reflected in human culture, and has led to the development of food science. In general, humans can survive for two to eight weeks without food, depending on stored body fat. Survival without water is usually limited to three or four days. Lack of food remains a serious problem, with about 300,000 people starving to death every year. Childhood malnutrition is also common and contributes to the global burden of disease.
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Slide 25: However global food distribution is not even, and obesity among some human populations has increased to almost epidemic proportions, leading to health complications and increased mortality in some developed, and a few developing countries. The United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) state that 32% of American adults over the age of 20 are obese, while 66.5% are obese or overweight. Obesity is caused by consuming more calories than are expended, with many attributing excessive weight gain to a combination of overeating and insufficient exercise. At least ten thousand years ago, humans developed agriculture, which has substantially altered the kind of food people eat. This has led to increased populations, the development of cities, and because of increased popula- tion density, the wider spread of infectious diseases. The types of food consumed, and the way in which they are prepared, has varied widely by time, location, and culture The human brain is the center of the central nervous system in humans, and acts as the primary control center for the peripheral nervous system. The brain controls "lower", or involuntary, autonomic activities such as the respiration, and Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. digestion. The brain also controls "higher" order, conscious activities, such as thought, reasoning, and abstraction. These cognitive processes constitute the mind, and, along with their behavioral consequences, are studied in the field of psychology. Generally regarded as more capable of these higher order activities, the human brain is believed to be more "intelligent" in general than that of any other known species. While many animals are capable of creating struc- tures and using simple tools — mostly through instinct and mimicry — human technology is vastly more complex, and is constantly evolving and improving through time. Even the most ancient human tools and structures are far more advanced than any structure or tool created by any other animal. Modern anthropology has tended to bear out Darwin's proposition that "the difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one of degree and not of kindProtected Property Intellectual
Slide 26: Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. The human ability to think abstractly may be unparalleled in the animal kingdom. Humans are one of only six species to pass the mirror test —which tests whether an animal recognizes its reflection as an image of itself —along with chimpanzees, orangutans, dolphins, and pigeons. In October 2006, three elephants at the Bronx Zoo also passed this test. Most human children will pass the mirror test at 18 months old. However, the usefulness of this test as a true test of consciousness has been disputed (see mirror test), and this may be a matter of degree rather than a sharp divide. Monkeys have been trained to apply abstract rules in tasks. The human brain perceives the external world through the senses, and each individual human is influenced greatly by his or her experiences, leading to subjective views of existence and the passage of time. Humans are variously said to possess consciousness, self-awareness, and a mind, which correspond roughly to the mental processes of thought. These are said to possess qualities such as self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and one's environ- ment. The extent to which the mind constructs or experiences the outer world is a matter of debate, as are the definitions and validity of many of the terms used above. The philosopher of cognitive science Daniel Dennett, for example, argues that there is no such thing as a narrative centre called the "mind", but that instead there is simply a collection of sensory inputs and outputs: different kinds of "software" running in parallel. Psychologist B.F. Skinner has argued that the mind is an explanatory fiction that diverts attention from environmental causes of behavior, and
Slide 27: that what are commonly seen as mental processes may be better con- ceived of as forms of covert verbal behavior. Humans study the more physical aspects of the mind and brain, and by extension of the nervous system, in the field of neurology, the more behavioral in the field of psychology, and a sometimes loosely-defined area between in the field of psychiatry, which treats mental illness and behav- ioral disorders. Psychology does not necessarily refer to the brain or nervous system, and can be framed purely in terms of phenomenological or information process- ing theories of the mind. Increasingly, however, an understanding of brain functions is being included in psychological theory and practice, particularly in areas such as artificial intelligence, neuropsychology, and cognitive neuroscience. The nature of thought is central to psychology and related fields. Cognitive psychology studies cognition, the mental processes underlying behavior. It uses information processing as a framework for understanding the mind. Perception, learning, problem solving, memory, attention, language and emotion are all well-researched areas as well. Cognitive psychology is associated with a school of thought known as cognitivism, whose adherents argue for an information processing model of mental function, informed by positivism and experimental psychology. Techniques and models from cognitive psychology are widely applied and form the mainstay of psychological theories in many areas of both research and applied psychology. Largely focusing on the development of the human mind through the life span, developmental psychology seeks to understand how people come to perceive, understand, and act within the world and how these processes change as they age. This may focus on intellectual, cognitive, neural, social, or moral development. Some philosophers divide consciousness into phenomenal consciousness, which is experience itself, and access consciousness, which is the pro- cessing of the things in experience.
Slide 29: Phenomenal consciousness is the state of being conscious, such as when they say "I am conscious." Access consciousness is being conscious of something in relation to abstract concepts, such as when one says "I am conscious of these words." Various forms of access consciousness include awareness, self-awareness, conscience, stream of consciousness, Husserl's phenomenology, and intentionality. The concept of phenomenal consciousness, in modern history, according to some, is closely related to the concept of qualia. Social psychology links sociology with psychology in their shared study of the nature and causes of human social interaction, with an emphasis on how people think towards each other and how they relate to each other. The behavior and mental processes, both human and non-human, can be described through animal cognition, ethology, evolutionary psychology, and comparative psychology as well. Human ecology is an academic discipline that investigates how humans and human societies interact with both their natural environment and the human social environment Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright 2008 PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Motivation is the driving force of desire behind all deliberate actions of human beings. Motivation is based on emotion — specifically, on the search for satisfaction (positive emotional experiences), and the avoidance of conflict. Positive and negative is defined by the individual brain state, which may be influenced by social norms: a person may be driven to self-injury or violence because their brain is conditioned to create a positive response to these actions. Motivation is important because it is involved in the perfor- mance of all learned responses. Within psychology, conflict avoidance and the libido are seen to be primary motivators. Within economics motivation is often seen to be based on financial incentives, moral incentives, or coercive incentives. Religions generally posit divine or demonic influences. Happiness, or the state of being happy, is a human emotional condition. The definition of happiness is a common philosophical topic. Some people
Slide 30: might define it as the best condition which a human can have — a condition of mental and physical health. Others define it as freedom from want and distress; consciousness of the good order of things; assurance of one's place in the universe or society. Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Emotion has a significant influence on, or can even be said to control, human behavior, though historically many cultures and philosophers have for various reasons discouraged allowing this influence to go unchecked. Emotional experiences perceived as pleasant, such as love, admiration, or joy, contrast with those perceived as unpleasant, like hate, envy, or sorrow. There is often a distinction made between refined emotions which are socially learned and survival oriented emotions, which are thought to be innate. Human exploration of emotions as separate from other neurological phenomena is worthy of note, particularly in cultures where emotion is considered separate from physiological state. In some cultural medical theories emotion is considered so synonymous with certain forms of physical health that no difference is thought to exist. The Stoics believed excessive emotion was harmful, while some Sufi teachers (in particular, the poet and astronomer Omar Khayyám) felt certain extreme emotions could yield a conceptual perfection, what is often translated as ecstasy. In modern scientific thought, certain refined emotions are considered to be a complex neural trait innate in a variety of domesticated and on- domesticated mammals. These were commonly developed in reaction to superior survival mecha- nisms and intelligent interaction with each other and the environment; as such, refined emotion is not in all cases as discrete and separate from natural neural function as was once assumed. However, when humans function in civilized tandem, it has been noted that uninhibited acting on extreme emotion can lead to social disorder and crime. Human sexuality, besides ensuring biological reproduction, has important
Slide 31: social functions: it creates physical intimacy, bonds, and hierarchies among individuals; may be directed to spiritual transcendence (according to some traditions); and in a hedonistic sense to the enjoyment of activity involving sexual gratification. Sexual desire, or libido, is experienced as a bodily urge, often accompa- nied by strong emotions such as love, ecstasy and jealousy. The extreme importance of sexuality in the human species can be seen in a number of physical features, among them hidden ovulation, strong sexual dimorphism when compared to the chimpanzees, permanent secondary sexual characteristics, the forming of pair bonds based on sexual attraction as a common social structure and sexual ability in females outside of ovulation. These adaptations indicate that the importance of sexuality in humans is on par with that found in the Bonobo, and that the complex human sexual behaviour has a long evolutionary history.Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. As with other human self-descriptions, humans propose that it is high intelligence and complex societies of humans that have produced the most complex sexual behaviors of any animal, including a great many behaviors that are not directly connected with reproduction. Human sexual choices are usually made in reference to cultural norms, which vary widely. Restrictions are sometimes determined by religious beliefs or social customs. The pioneering researcher Sigmund Freud believed that humans are born polymorphously perverse, which means that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure. According to Freud, humans then pass through five stages of psychosex- ual development (and can fixate on any stage because of various traumas during the process). For Alfred Kinsey, another influential sex researcher, people can fall anywhere along a continuous scale of sexual orientation (with only small minorities fully heterosexual or homosexual). Recent studies of neurology and genetics suggest people may be born with one
Slide 32: sexual orientation or another, so there is not currently a clear consensus among sex research Culture is defined here as a set of distinctive material, intellectual, emo- tional, and spiritual features of a social group, including art, literature, lifestyles, value systems, traditions, rituals, and beliefs. The link between human biology and human behavior and culture is often very close, making it difficult to clearly divide topics into one area or the other; as such, the placement of some subjects may be based primarily on convention. Culture consists of values, social norms, and artifacts. A culture's values define what it holds to be important or ethical. Closely linked are norms, expecta- tions of how people ought to behave, bound by tradition. Artifacts, or material culture, are objects derived from the culture's values, norms, and understanding of the world. The mainstream anthropological view of cul-
Slide 33: ture implies that most experience a strong resistance when reminded that there is an animal as well as a spiritual aspect to human nature The capacity humans have to transfer concepts, ideas and notions through speech and writing is unrivaled in known species. Unlike the call systems of other primates which are closed, human language is far more open, and gains variety in different situations. The human language has the quality of displacement, using words to represent things and happenings that are not presently or locally occurring, but elsewhere or at a different time. Technology has even advanced so as to allow the communication of mass data upon request and over great distance through data-nets and pro- grams such as Wikipedia. In this way data networks are important to the continuing development of language; changing it as just as Gutenberg did with the printing press. The faculty of speech is a defining feature of humanity, possibly predating phylogenetic separation of the modern population. Language is central to the communication between humans, as well as being central to the sense of identity that unites nations, cultures and ethnic groups. The invention of writing systems at least 5,000 years ago allowed the preservation of language on material objects, and was a major step in cultural evolution. Language is closely tied to ritual and religion (cf. mantra, sacred text). The science of linguistics describes the structure of language and the relationship between languages. There are approximately 6,000 different languages currently in use, including sign languages, and many thousands more that are considered extinct.Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Religion—sometimes used interchangeably with "faith"—is generally de- fined as a belief system concerning the supernatural, sacred or divine, and moral codes, practices, values, institutions and rituals associated with such belief. In the course of its development, religion has taken on many forms
Slide 34: that vary by culture and individual perspective. Some of the chief questions and issues religions are concerned with include life after death (commonly involving belief in an afterlife), the origin of life (the source of a variety of creation myths), the nature of the universe (religious cosmology) and its ultimate fate (eschatology), and what is moral or immoral. A common source in religions for answers to these questions are transcendent divine beings such as deities or a singular God, although not all religions are theistic — many are nontheistic or ambiguous on the topic, particularly among the Eastern religions. Spirituality, belief or involvement in matters of the soul or spirit, is one of the many different approaches humans take in trying to answer fundamental questions about humankind's place in the universe, the meaning of life, and the ideal way to live one's life. Though these topics have also been addressed by philosophy, and to some extent by science, spirituality is unique in that it focuses on mystical or supernatu- ral concepts such as karma and God. Although a majority of humans profess some variety of religious or spiritual belief, some are irreligious, that is lacking or rejecting belief in the super- natural or spiritual. Additionally, although most religions and spiritual beliefs are clearly distinct from science on both a philosophical and methodological level, the two are not generally considered to be mutually exclusive; a majority of humans hold a mix of both scientific and religious views. The distinction between philosophy and religion, on the other hand, is at times less clear, and the two are linked in such fields as the philosophy of religion and theology. Other humans have no religious beliefs and are atheists Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. Philosophy is a discipline or field of study involving the investigation, analysis, and development of ideas at a general, abstract, or fundamental level. It is the discipline searching for a general understanding of values and reality by chiefly speculative means. The core philosophical disciplines are logic, ontology or metaphysics, epistemology, and axiology, which includes the branches of ethics and aesthetics. Philosophy covers a very wide range of approaches, and is also
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Slide 36: used to refer to a worldview, to a perspective
on an issue, or to the positions argued for by a particular philosopher or school of philosophy. Plato and Aristotle in a detail from The School of Athens by Raphael. Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy concerned with the study of first principles, being and existence (ontology). In between the doctrines of religion and science, stands the philosophical perspective of metaphysical cosmology. This ancient field of study seeks to draw logical conclusions about the nature of the universe, humanity, god, and/or their connections based on the extension of some set of presumed facts borrowed from religion and/or observation. Humans often consider themselves to be the dominant species on Earth, and the most advanced in intelligence and ability to manage their environ- ment. This belief is especially strong in modern Western culture. Alongside such claims of dominance is often found radical pessimism because of the frailty and brevity of human life. Humanism is a philosophy which defines a socio-political doctrine the bounds of which are not constrained by those of locally developed cultures, but whic h seeks to include all of humanity and all issues common to human beings. Because spiritual beliefs of a community often manifests as religious doctrine, the history of which is as factious as it is unitive, secular humanism grew as an answer to the need for a common philosophy that transcended the cultural boundaries of local moral codes and religions. Many humanists are religious, however, and see humanism as simply a mature expression of a common truth present in most religions. Humanists affirm the possibility of an objective truth and accept that human perception of that truth is imperfect. The most basic tenets of humanism are that humans matter and can solve human problems, and that science, freedom of speech, rational thought, democracy, and freedom in the arts are worthy pursuits or goals for all peoples. Humanism depends chiefly on reason and logic without consider- ation for the supernatural Artistic works have existed for almost as long as humankind, from early
Slide 37: pre-historic art to contemporary art. Art is one of the most unusual aspects of human behavior and a key distinguishing feature of humans from other species, In fact the only species to do so. Art has only been around for the last 35,000 years which could suggest that this was the time when humans started to 'think'. Sculpture by Malvina Hoffman of an Asian human male meditating. As a form of cultural expression by humans, art may be defined by the pursuit of diversity and the usage of narratives of liberation and exploration (i.e. art history, art criticism, and art theory) to mediate its boundaries. This distinction may be applied to objects or performances, current or historical, and its prestige extends to those who made, found, exhibit, or own them. In the modern use of the word, art is commonly understood to be the process or result of making material works which, from concept to creation, adhere to the "creative impulse" of human beings. Art is distinguished from other works by being in large part unprompted by necessity, by biological drive, or by any undisciplined pursuit of recreation. Music is a natural intuitive phenomenon based on the three distinct and interrelated organization structures of rhythm, harmony, and melody. Lis- tening to music is perhaps the most common and universal form of entertainment for humans, while learning and understanding it are popular disciplines. There are a wide variety of music genres and ethnic musics. Literature, the body of written — and possibly oral — works, especially creative ones, includes prose, poetry and drama, both fiction and non- fiction. Literature includes such genres as epic, legend, myth, ballad, and folklore Science is the discovery of knowledge about the world by verifiable means. Technology is the objects humans make to serve their purposes. Human cultures are both characterized and differentiated by the objects that they make and use. Archaeology attempts to tell the story of past or lost cultures in part by close examination of the artifacts they produced. Early humans left stone tools, pottery and jewelry that are particular to various regions and times. Improvements in technology are passed from one culture to another. For instance, the cultivation of crops arose in several different locations, but
Slide 38: quickly spread to be an almost ubiquitous feature of human life. Similarly, advances in weapons, architecture and metallurgy are quickly dissemi- nated. Space science provides a new perspective on human significance Although such techniques can be passed on by oral tradition, the develop- ment of writing, itself a kind of technology, made it possible to pass information from generation to generation and from region to region with greater accuracy. Together, these developments made possible the commencement of civi- lization and urbanization, with their inherently complex social arrange- ments. Eventually this led to the institutionalization of the development of new technology, and the associated understanding of the way the world functions. This science now forms a central part of human culture. In recent times, physics and astrophysics have come to play a central role in shaping what is now known as physical cosmology, that is, the understanding of the universe through scientific observation and experiment. This discipline, which focuses on the universe as it exists on the largest scales and at the earliest times, begins by arguing for the big bang, a sort of cosmic expansion from which the universe itself is said to have erupted ~13.7 ± 0.2 billion (10) years ago. After its violent beginnings and until its very end, scientists then propose that the entire history of the universe has been an orderly progression governed by physical laws Humans often categorize themselves in terms of race or ethnicity, although the validity of human races as true biological categories is questionable. Human racial categories are based on both ancestry and visible traits, especially skin color and facial features. These categories may also carry some information on non-visible biological traits, such as the risk of developing particular diseases such as sickle-cell disease. Currently available genetic and archaeological evidence is generally inter- preted as supportive of a recent single origin of modern humans in East Africa.[68] Current genetic studies have demonstrated that humans on the
Slide 39: African continent are most genetically diverse. However, compared to many other animals, human gene sequences are remarkably homogeneous. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that the great majority of genetic variation occurs within "racial groups", with only 5 to 15% of total variation occurring between racial groups. However, this remains an area of active debate. Ethnic groups, on the other hand, are more often linked by linguistic, cultural, ancestral, and national or regional ties. Self-identification with an ethnic group is based on kinship and descent. Race and ethnicity can lead to variant treatment and impact social identity, giving rise to racism and the theory of identity politics. Society is the system of organizations and institutions arising from interac- tion between humans. A state is an organized political community occupy- ing a definite territory, having an organized government, and possessing internal and external sovereignty. Recognition of the state's claim to independence by other states, enabling it to enter into international agreements, is often important to the establish- ment of its statehood. The "state" can also be defined in terms of domestic conditions, specifically, as conceptualized by Max Weber, "a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the 'legitimate' use of physical force within a given territory." Government can be defined as the political means of creating and enforc- ing laws; typically via a bureaucratic hierarchy. Politics is the process by which decisions are made within groups. Although the term is generally applied to behavior within governments, politics is also observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic, and religious institutions. Many different political systems exist, as do many different ways of understanding them, and many definitions overlap. The most common form of government worldwide is a republic, however other examples include
Slide 40: monarchy, social democracy, military dictatorship and theocracy. All of these issues have a direct relationship with economics War is a state of widespread conflict between states, organizations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterized by the use of lethal violence between combatants or upon civilians. It is estimated that during the 20th century between 167 and 188 million humans died as a result of war. A common perception of war is a series of military campaigns between at least two opposing sides involving a dispute over sovereignty, territory, resources, religion or other issues. A war said to liberate an occupied country is sometimes characterized as a "war of liberation", while a war between internal elements of a state is a civil war. Full scale pitched-battle wars between adversaries of comparable strength appear to have nearly disappeared from human activity, with the last major one in the Congo region winding down in the late 1990s. Nearly all war now is asymmetric warfare, in which campaigns of sabotage, guerrilla warfare and sometimes acts of terrorism disrupt control and supply of better-equipped occupying forces, resulting in long low-intensity wars of attrition. Protected Property Intellectual Rights Copyright PeopleNology Nollijy University Research PeopleNology Gregory Bodenhamer Ph.D. War is one of the main catalysts for human advances in technology. Throughout human history there has been a constant struggle between defense and offence, including the technologies behind armour and weapons designed to penetrate it. Modern examples include the bunker buster bomb and the bunkers which they are designed to destroy. Impor- tant inventions such as medicine, navigation, metallurgy, mass production, nuclear power, rocketry and computers have been completely or partially driven by war. There have been a wide variety of rapidly advancing tactics throughout the history of war, ranging from conventional war to asymmetric warfare to total war and unconventional warfare. Techniques include hand to hand com- bat, the use of ranged weapons, and ethnic cleansing. Military intelligence
Slide 41: has often played a key role in determining victory and defeat. Propaganda, which often includes factual information, slanted opinion and disinforma- tion, plays a key role in maintaining unity within a warring group, and/or sowing discord among opponents. In modern warfare, soldiers and armoured fighting vehicles are used to control the land, warships the sea, and air power the sky. These fields have also overlapped in the forms of marines, paratroopers, naval aircraft carriers, and surface-to-air missiles, among others. Satellites in low Earth orbit have made outer space a factor in warfare as well, although no actual warfare is currently carried out in space Trade is the voluntary exchange of goods, services and a form of eco- nomics. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market. The original form of trade was barter, the direct exchange of goods and services. Modern traders instead generally negotiate through a medium of ex- change, such as money. As a result, buying can be separated from selling, or earning. The invention of money (and later credit, paper money and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted trade. Because of specialization and division of labor, most people concentrate on a small aspect of manufacturing or service, trading their labour for products. Trade exists between regions because different regions have an absolute or comparative advantage in the production of some tradeable commodity, or because different regions' size allows for the benefits of mass production. Economics is a social science which studies the production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on measurable variables, and is broadly divided into two main branches: microeconomics, which deals with individual agents, such as households and businesses, and macroeconomics, which consid- ers the economy as a whole, in which case it considers aggregate supply and demand for money, capital and commodities. Aspects receiving partic- ular attention in economics are resource allocation, production, distribution, trade, and competition. Economic logic is increasingly applied to any problem that involves choice under scarcity or determining economic value. Mainstream economics focuses on how prices reflect supply and demand, and uses equations to
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all about FEAR PeopleNology
Surprise Fear Disgust Anger Happiness Contempt Sadness PeopleNology 7 THINGS
Gregory Bodenhamer Total Human Management Evolution
Bedrock - Bedroom - BoardroomGregory Lynn BodenhamerCopyright 2006All Rights ReservedPeopleNology for BusinessNollijy for LoversMechanicsburg Pa 17055PeopleNology@hotmail.com So faithful and exact is the evolutionary history of women it has created or at least helped create the life you lead today. Our attempt will be to journey with you and look at the whole life of society and how you participate.From the cave and it’s bedrock philosophy you will discover many things and teachings that hold you back today. The ancient you had a very difficult time trying to just survive the hour or day. You will discover that our information based and machine based society still looks upon you as you once were so long ago. There is truth is history and we will explore how you wonderful mind works and why you think and feel certain things. The classes of our society tells you were to go to school, what to study while you’re there and who to marry and when. Within your mind you’ll discover the absolute rhythms that beat from the bedrock of your past, into your own bedroom and in your professional boardroom life today.Your whole life study is a journey that will never be completed. You’re mind is the only place to discover your future place, who you really love and the wonders of the world. This is written for the women of the world and their children. It’s written for the precious friends that we hold in our hearts. The words speak of the past relationships so we can fill up our lives with new hopes, dreams, inspiration and the wonderful world that waits for us. We’ll talk of many things that will help the youth of your mind and soul become alive again.People love you, even though you may never know, some still wait for you, even though in only their soul.Greg BodenhamerBeyond your wildest dreams people treat you certain ways today because of ancient history. It was the time of the cave and you were just another animal called woman. Of such things we will study and bring you up to current times. The actual is possible because we are here together and you’re among friends. There is a beginning and ending to everything that we understand and we’ll explore the start of this primitive notion of woman and we’ll put an end to societies conceptions. Literally, beyond your dreams of a better day waits the truth on how to create a better future. You have spent your entire life as women being isolated and the course of everyday is alienation from family, friends and the earth itself.Many women travel their worlds thinking their happy and free when in reality they’re living inside the role of another human being. Evolution has played a roll, the prehistoric bedrock environment has set the path that most women lead to this day. Beyond the conceptions there is a way and means of your thinking. We’ll study why and how you think and also the way of thinking of men. It seems we’re all in fear of honest communications and the personal nature of life itself. You’ll discover that evolutionary forces of nature and mankind has created you, how you think and how you respond.You will no longer be isolated by society, friends or family. You’ll look at people in a different way and have a new path to follow. We’ll teach you how to know the truth and to persuade others for better relationships. You’ll learn about the organic evolution that has fully persuaded others to treat you different, abuse everything that's important and roles you must play.It seems you have been an actor in another's play for the world. The curtain is open and there is no dress rehearsal so don’t be delayed. We’re going to open your mind and discover who put all those thoughts and feelings in there that makes you struggle, lay down when you want to stand, be quite when you have something to say and give your entire life and soul to another.You had to arrive in a natural way, we are all natural. From the beginning at the bedrock of you is the primitive and prehistoric nature of the world.Let’s start at the beginning. At the beginning you were mostly all alone. Many experts have many opinions because no person alive was there at the beginning. What we do know is that two people make another so there had to be a start. We now have some proof, with more to follow, that people, kind of like me and you lived in China about 600,000 years ago. Recent discoveries show that we were around a long time before. These were people that retained some of the markings of the ape. The evolutionary idea should not disturb you at all. Something or someone made the first one of us, it only makes sense.We lived in caves together as man and woman and there was no technology. We ate what we could find or kill and truly, only the strong survived. It was the ancient times, before the sun rise of our learning and exploring the world. The bones of our ancient friends have been found around the world. Some experts say we traveled in small groups or tribes of people. Some experts show that we just stayed in the cave and ventured out for food. It was not a life that you could imagine today even though we are not very far removed from their realities. The few people that walked the earth spent all their lives looking for food, staying warm, killing animals and walking to another place looking for something else. We did live in caves and we believed in what is called crooked justice. This paradox of both opposites being true at the same time is only the beginning of our unusual past. Crooked justice was cultivated and was harsh that we cannot imagine. All the old time instinctive urges ruled the day. Our beginning was before the time of domestic animals and matches. We ventured out to hunt for food that had to be killed. It was the time that the food could kill the hunter. We didn't grow corn or store up food as we had no way of knowing how. It was the time to kill or be killed that was our beginning. We had to have the capacity to gain food daily. If we didn't eat we would quickly die, the ultimate bankruptcy. People quickly learned that the man became bigger for a reason. The man had the strength, longer legs, stronger arms and could travel for days to kill animals and gather plants to eat. It was the time of the strong. We didn't have the taste for food that you have today. They understood the hunger pain, the instinctive side of food. The appetite was the same that you have today. You want food because you’re hungry, they too felt the same way. They thought of food all the time. They would reach out from their caves and venture for days looking for more and more food. The men would travel with their strength in very small groups within their tribes. We have found their bones all over the world. Small groups of mostly men and a very few women have been found in caves around the world.The men found their importance by being the best hunter, the fastest runner or the strongest of the strong. As thousands of years past the human evolution started to show its face. The woman left in the cave, with shorter legs, not as strong was starting to get smaller, a little weaker as the cave man got stronger the paradox of life makes her weaker. As the men traveled their muscles got bigger and they could run for hours and hours. The woman was in the cave waiting for them to come back. The man had to render some important service to the group and his rewards was mostly found within food. There was nothing more important than finding the food, regardless of taste, regardless of danger, regardless of weather and chance of death. Over thousands of years the man reached out and conquered many things in very simple ways. The woman was loosing the knowledge race as the experiences would not be hers. They were no books, no special places and no friends to talk with about anything as they had almost no knowledge.These instinctive times ruled the world. It was the same place you see today, the tall green trees, the ice and snow on the mountain, the water running down the valley and animals roaming. They were mostly all alone.The food that they ate gave them vitamins, helped them grow but it seems the men always had the better food as they were closer to the food supply. Imagine killing dozens of miles away and not eating. They ate during the hunt, at the time of kill and brought food for the cave and ate again. They were stronger, they ate different plant foods, they had different vitamins. We didn't have the chance to move too far as another tribe might be one hundred miles to the west. We could only travel within our own ancient range unless we wanted to fight and kill other people for more hunting range and better food. These guarded boundaries of food, water and shelter allowed certain small tribes to gain strength and become larger. Notice a baby in your arms today. It’s a miracle of human evolution as you see a child reach out, away from their body, as they reach for food. A baby will reach out for food because their instincts tell them to when they want food. You, as their mother, did not teach them to suck on your breast, or to cry when they want, or reach out when they want more. You’ll also notice that they pull back, it’s something the creator gave them, the reaching out and pulling back will last their entire life. You do it to.The ancients reached out and looked for food. They pulled back and brought food to the cave for the others. More hunters meant more food and your ancient instincts of laying down on demand was only beginning. The woman was not strong and had only the purpose of laying down with a strong man and bearing children. The children went to hunt, and gather plants, and perform other harsh shores. You had to reach out for food, you had no imagination or ideas, you had your body that served as a functional tool to recreate a man to make him and the tribe stronger.All of us were hunting people, we gathered plants, we depended on the soil, the lake and the ocean.Each human in the tribe needed about two square miles of earth to supply their needs. We died very young, very few old people, children died at birth and so did you. Everything was effected by weather, the weather killed, the animal food hunted you, the plants would die, other tribes would invade our space. Food would fail often times and the people would starve. It was harsh times and it was not fun, not educational they way we know now. People died or were left behind. At the beginning and even to this day food and water is the most important thing. As other things were so important you again became smaller in social importance. Every man told you what to do or they would hurt the women. You would be killed. Your food would be held back or you would be kicked out of the cave if you did not obey every order by man.We were food gathering people and that's about all. We didn't look at the stars and wonder as we were too close to starvation. We didn't hold hands as we didn't need the affection to have sex. Sex was about power. Sex brought about more males and the man father was made stronger. This was the life of the ancient women. Our food was not cultivated. We did not have farms or fields of corn or anything else. We lived off the land and huddled down in holes in the earth, caves within the mountains.The Adam and Eve depiction shows early love and forbidden activities. It really wasn't that nice for early humans.We were instinctive and the lion would eat your young or you would die of hunger or severe weather or another tribe would steal your woman to make babies for their tribe to build strength in numbers. The man would reach out and kill the food and you would wait. He became strong and you became weaker by the year. You followed every order or he would beat you even when you reached out to him with hunger. You would draw back your hand in fear. You would hide in the shadows to hide from the one that feeds you. The man brought everything and took everything. He didn't have sex for fun, he did it for power. He brought you down under him even if you were afraid. Having a baby could kill you and your having his baby made him stronger within the tribe. More hunters, more food, more males, more strength, the evolution of man. What you must understand there is an inborn love of self and not much else. Human nature is both a product and a process. Human nature makes you reach out and pull back food to your mouth. Human nature became a mental and physical process of eating. It seems we all eat the same way. The small black child has the same human nature as a white or yellow child.Their culture of human nature, the treatment of the weak by the strong is the exact same as yours. It seems that the strong ruled the earth, much like today.The process of strength over the weaker is a evolutionary part of human nature. If we lived in caves today, the strong would survive, do not doubt this and you would be forced into a primal bedrock stoneage life. Everything that you think you know. Everything you think you understand. Everything about your life is very fragile. The cave man did not have the urge to do good or to bring you flowers. He would eat, have sex and assure his authority if he had to beat you, starve you or kill you. He laid on you to gain power not because he loved you. You are primal. He was primal. He would kill you for power, a better position in the tribe, to demonstrate his power over you. You were afraid, you were hungry and mostly alone. You were told what to do and how in their ancient tongue. Man did not develop that mental hunger yet. He did not try to understand. Watch your favorite pet, the dog, the cat and know that they are instinctive and they will survive. Your pet is much like you and me long ago in caves. We had no mental hunger or curiosity.Man has the skills, strength and talents to survive and you became dependent on him year after year. Thousands of years later all these survival skills are locked in your brain. It developed your pattern of thinking. You think to survive. How you think today started thousands of years ago. You have instinctive thinking. You’re thinking without knowing it. You’re thinking things that you don’t know because they’re human nature. You react certain ways all the time as you are instinctive. Nothing you can do can change the power of your human nature. You have been made over thousands and thousands of years. You have acquired the skills to survive the test of the world and they are buried inside the genes of your body. Your skill has been acquired from the process of continuous effort. You know what works and you’ll keep doing those same things even though they’re wrong. The human gene works within your body and it makes you and it will or has made your children. The man believes that he must pass on his genes to carry his soul forward and he will get his way. A man will take daring leaps from place to place and you tend to wait in the cave. It’s not because your lazy or not smart enough its because human nature has taught you to wait. Men, through evolution have been taught not to wait. It was not that long ago that different tribe leaders would pick your mate to assure some deal between tribes. You have been used to seal the deal, make the babies, wait inside, cook the food and it was just the other day.The man was responsible for the protection of the tribe and to feed the group. The mind and the body had to be used to fulfill his purpose. As you waited he traveled further and further. He gained knowledge as you waited for food. All these evolutionary things that happened to you has made you. The human nature inside you cannot be removed but you need to understand many things that drive you closer and move you away.The man will drive you down and force himself upon you as the need for recreation is strong and he will still leave to some distant place. The bedrock of your past will teach us about your today. Successful lovers were not friends they were just there at the time. The stronger male took the woman and recreated through her body. The free use of physical force was the way of the day. All these events, over thousands of years have taught you what to do when someone approaches you in the middle of the night walking down the street. What to do when a man may kiss your mouth. What to say when a man leaves you with children for another younger woman to make more children.Human nature makes you strong and makes you weak at the same time.Men impose morality on women. The chastity of their women is important and they will kill when they feel the threat of another male touching their woman. At the same time they will travel to touch another woman. There were not mental bonds or relationships to speak of in ancient times and by chance we have very few today. The passionate self surrender sex that you think you know about today did not take place in the cave. The instinctive affections was all that was needed in the cave. The force, the want and the need to recreate. Men did not always seek per say lovers outside of their immediate tribe. Men would give food and the woman would be forced to have sex. Being a lover is a modern term for the same sexual act that brought us here. Love is a cloaked name for parenthood. The sexual act is to create another human being. You do not see me as I see you. Love is blind is more than just a saying. As your mate travels away from the cave he looks at women not in the same way he looks at you.The people on the street or in the office do not see you and I together as you and I see us together. Other men become jealous as you move closer to another male. Its human nature that competition remains within evolution to keep us strong as the strong must survive.Since the beginning of time men have kept you weak and want you weaker. If you become weak they can become strong without any effort or struggle. If you can agree that this evolutionary struggle has been going on since the first man and woman walked the earth you’re about to change you life, the life of your friends and family, your partners and employees at work and life will never be the same. You can change your knowledge but not your past. Understanding is only the beginning. It was your life and its the only one you know. Sitting on the river bank you would gather water and bring it back for yourself and the other members of the tribe. If the woman did not do the work of the man the woman would not eat and gain no rewards. The stronger male made the rules and created the roles of the female. You could run away from the fear of death just to find it again if the other tribes decided to keep you or maybe even trade you for food or a better place of authority. You did not wash and often times no clothes were needed as we know them today. Sanitation did not exists and everything was natural. Infant girls and young women were forced into difficult work and often gave birth barely within puberty. Birth killed many woman and in difficult times too many baby girls were just left to die as they could not hunt or fuel tribal needs. The selection process for adult females was nothing special as you may imagine by now. Washing your feet at the rivers edge was not a safe thing as someone would steal you and enslave you within child birthing and other chores of the day. The female only has periods of sexual gratification where the male was willing to mate during all seasons.Human nature is evolution. Being natural is human nature. Being nude is a natural thing just like being hungry or tired. The thirst for water, the need for shelter against the elements are all instinctive. Wanting food, clothing and shelter we consider a basic need of life. We will kill for it and take it from others if we are afraid of not having what we want or need. You’ve been hiding in the shadows for a very long time. You’ve been watching your back since the beginning of time. All these human nature evolutionary things control your life today. Again, you think things you don’t know your thinking. You don’t think about getting thirsty you just drink water. You become thirsty but you didn't think about it until such time your body required water. As you drink from the waters edge, the male tends to think of sex and the creation of another male. He thinks of feeding the young as it is a recreation of himself by natures law and defending what he owns. A man will save his woman but he will always save his child first, it’s his recreation on earth, its human nature. We have this romantic notion about life. We’ve learned to overcome the primal fears of death, illness, old age and all the rest? When no enemy is in sight there is no fear. Group feelings are in the state of calm and members of the tribe can forage for food, drink water from the river and hunt animals for their adequate food supply. When fear appears all the bets are off and its dog eat dog. Our nature tells us its kill or be killed. You didn't study that in school but keep your doors locked at night. Your safety is a primal need and you’ll do anything for it. You will prostitute yourself over and over for food, clothing and shelter. You will live the bad dream as the art shows to get what you must have. Many people live a lessor life because they live within their instincts. I can make you fearful as I understand your instinctive human nature. If you do not understand them then you will live within the roles I set for you. I can give you an instinctive thought which will move you to the next thought and resulting in some action.All the fears, the natural instincts harm you and save you at the same time. Your prehistoric sister did not have a chance or the weaker male wasn't much better. Did a woman invent football or a male? It seems men like contact sports and you like to knit in front of a fire. You want to nurture a child and the man hunts dear in the winter. How far removed from your past are you? You’re a lot closer in physical terms than you think. The big surprise, without proper education and experiences your emotions or human evolutionary thoughts control your life. Hope turns your mind in one direction. Education helps you find the direction. Fear turns your head in many directions at the same time because you’re guarding. The fear in your life is the protective machinery you need to survive and its one of your basic instincts. Your group or family, prehistoric tribe, is being cradled or gathered for protection. When a tribal member leaves the cradle you are turned to fear because that is your instinct. Fear is the agent that sets off the alarms. If you sense fear than you run away from the river even if you need water. You warn the tribe, you run to the cave and grab sticks and stones. It seems that if I can make you fear I can also make you do things that are against your free will. This may surprise you but fear is one of the primary ingredients of love. You fear what you love and you love what you fear. The fear of being separated from me will cause you fear. The fear of a child away from home will cause you to fear for their safety and make you love them more. The fear of the father combined with a male child is a unique combination by nature to make a man from the boy. The boy realizes the power of the father, the giver and taker, the master of the land, the hunter of the food even when you buy at the grocery store.The man brings the food to the cave is more important than the woman that build the fire. Anybody can build the fire but only few are great hunters. Men at modern work fear that you’re taking power and you will become the hunter. The modern wife that earns more money creates a fear in the man mate.No matter the size of the evolutionary unit that you will learn its the most powerful force in your life when your thoughts bring it to life. Your thoughts are revealed through feelings and your actions are created through thoughts.The woman has become, just like the man, what they have thought about and experienced, the ancient education, for thousands of years. This thing we call human nature rules the world so you must understand.When the sun comes up this next day you will look for food and you wont go the day without it even if you have to steal it. You start your life by fearing death and you know the signals of when you will die. Hunger is a pain as thirst shows the need for water.The things you fear are natural and people use them against you in many different ways. We’ll discover how you think and how you became this way so you can take your proper place in life and love another as never before.Your ancient sister defended her territory from other women. A human defines a area that he or she call their own. Everything within this boundary belongs to the immediate human family or the tribe of families. This territory is a matter of life and death and any infringement tends to start verbal and physical wars. No other woman can take your man away even if you fear him in many different ways. The other woman wants the protector, the one that brings the food and guards the tribe from death and harm. The other woman wants the strength of the man in the same intensity that you want to keep it. Love has little to do with the satisfaction of the need for security, food and water. There is to this day the life and death struggle of women trying their best to keep their men within their domain. What you will learn is that there is only one you for people to see but you really do have an evil twin and its education goes back thousands of years. The other you survives and will do things that may bring about shame and disgrace. The public you has the perfect life, the perfect home and husband. There is no human on earth today that is perfect so it must be all about image.You will guard your public face or run to the cave to grab sticks and stones to defend your territory to the death. It takes little to bring out the human evil you but takes tremendous effort to keep the public you guarded. Even when the men are harmful you still want them because of what they provide. In ancient times just like today the birth rate had to be greater than the death rate or we would not be on earth. The woman was forced to sex to recreate but she was given food and shelter in the cave. One woman will steal anothers man to gain the shelter and food and prostitute themselves for what they need to survive. …..The essential knowledge that you must have to engineer your own greatsuccess in life.All the things your fathercouldn't tell you and yourmother didn't know.The philosophy, concepts,principles and theoriesthat help you grow and understand the peoplesurrounding you today.Curiosity of PeopleWanting to Know YouPeopleNologyNollijyGreg Bodenhamer A complete overview of your evolutionary history and all the things you need to know.Taking the philosophy, concepts, principles and theories from Bedrock to Bedroom to Boardroom.Thought provoking explanations of your brain and body and how every human thinks and acts through the human thought process. Helpful insights on how you feel, what makes you smile or makes you fail. The inside scoop on you and everybody you know or will meet in the future.Take control of your life as you only get one chance for the brass ring. Discover the truth about Adam and Eve, Dick and Jane and explore your own great potential. Surprise your friends and amaze your lovers. This is the journey that nobody talks about because your father couldn't tell you and your mother didn't know.Take our hand and journey to a new place you’ll always call home sweet home. GregWithout this important knowledge, this very day, you’re leading your life for another person or a group of people. The work you do, the life you lead, the friends you entertain have all been designed for fulfilling someone else's goals and dreams, with you as a simple actor, in another persons play.For the first time in your life, you’re going to understand what’s going on around you, why people do certain things, how they feel and how they direct your thoughts, feelings and control you. All the things that can help you and have hurt you are going to be explored to make a better you. You’re going to discover art and music, the magic of how you think and in what order you think. You’ll learn how to control your thoughts and emotions, learn and apply principles that only top experts understand. Learning about yourself is learning about every person around you and discovering a new life inside you that’s been waiting.You’re going to learn how to get what you want, enjoy your life, enrich the life of others, gain greater wealth than you could imagine. You owe it to yourself to learn why people do strange things and how they control you. Ever wonder why people act bizarre even faced with the truth? Ever wonder about your mate and what makes them think, fall in love, want to run away, go back to school or join a club down the street?Why do some people have great wealth and others struggle from day to day? If you could only appreciate this new knowledge, you’re going to gain greater knowledge which gives you the power, the absolute power to gain a better life, help your children, have friends of the heart and mind, grow past today and influence other people.When you fully understand what and why people think certain things at certain times you could influence their thinking and actions. Imagine the power of knowledge, imagine the influence you’ll have to control actions and results.People just like me and you have the absolute power inside them to conquer our fears of poverty, old age, ill health, losing someone’s love, criticism from others and even the fear of death. You get to decide who you are.You get to select the illusion.You get to learn the truth.You get to explore what you want.You get to control the wealth.The Perfect Orange, A certain amount of pride always goes along with picking the perfect orange, thousands picked and just one perfect, deliberately stealing you from the world you are the genius, rather reserved,others admire you,nearly a basketful in the world,your genius is bravery first,believe it, believing it is enough,you are essential, one of a kind, very proud to have found you.Gregory BodenhamerUnderstanding how youare the most perfectin all the world.In practice, changing minds is an important part of most jobs and it’s always been the basics of my own profession. To make your company bigger and better you have to move forward and walk with other people, and you’re going to start with yourself.That perfect orange is inside you, it’s always been there for the asking. The evolution of you will amaze you and make you stronger. The power inside you is all yours for the asking and the taking.You must reach your individual potential so you can improve the entire group of individuals that drive you and your company. The give and take policy of your employees, friends and family will not do the task. Most people are taught by teachers that only know certain things to be true.Your math teacher educated you about 2 + 2 = 4 and other arithmetic sums. If this equals that then this must be true. It’s the foundation or starting point for most of us. We know our A B C’s because some other person said it was true and the way of the world. We understand that the apple will fall from the tree to the earth.What many people fail to understand is the knowledge about people. People, just like me and you struggle daily with our knowledge. We strive to achieve some disciplined result and we wonder why we sometimes fail.Others tell us when we win and when we sin. It must be unpleasant to lose the race as everybody bets on the winner? Your place in the future is being determined by other people with more knowledge. You’re going to obtain the start of this knowledge today so you can begin you’re own journey within life. Their experience drives your future. Their position of strength allows your weakness. The stronger and bigger they become the weaker and smaller you become.How can you turn the tide? What would you do with unknown knowledge? How many people need to know what I know? If you became strong would you help the weak? If you became bigger would you help the smaller people understand?The ingenuous you as the ability to understand complex mathematics and competition within the marketplace. You can build organizations and profit from your results. The same ingenuous you needs more to do more. You know that some days not everything works. The perfect machine breaks down and the profit stops. All the people you know, what makes them go and stop. How do they feel good about you, the company, the spouse and the house they live in?Great people leave your company and the ones that stay complain and protest. You’re missing the truth about people and the answers now are upon you. What would you do with the Harmony of your people? How big would your business become if you took all the people with you? What if you allowed the good people to be the good teacher of something new?The generations of live and let live in friendships name has cost good companies their future. What you did yesterday won’t work today. Your friends move away, your love moves from side to side and new ideas and people confuse you. You’re going to learn what makes up that perfect orange and how you can grow your own personal wealth of knowledge, friends and companions.I don’t have the cloak-and-dagger secrets of your future but I do have the truth. When was the last time that a newspaper wanted to write an article about you? What was the last magazine that published your thoughts and inspirations? What was the last T.V. station that ran your story to share the wealth of knowledge? Your knowledge is power in the marketplace. Learn more and earn more and get started with the Curiosity of People, Wanting to Know You. I’ve built fantastic companies for people all across the United States. It’s the adventure of the mind and the process controls combined that create wealth. All these great things were accomplished with people, people just like you. The secrets of the mind are the secrets of your individual success and that of any company. People rule the world and most people know very little about their only true asset.Owners and executives will want to retain your skills, knowledge and abilities to apply what you know. From shore to shore these people principles will work because when the day is done, we’re all alike, one way or another. The human experience within evolution will enhance your education, emotions and experience levels. This knowledge combined with your technical experiences will sustain your personal and professional growth. Have no doubts, your customers and employees are people but, you already knew that, didn't you. Imagine the certainty and reality of knowing what to know about knowing. See in your mind’s eye what you could do if all the people could see the truthfulness of your vision. Picture happy employees and delighted customers. Learn how to appreciate the power of people by understanding them and helping them. Who gives and who takes? Who’s the friend and who’s just friendly? We’ve been taught that it’s not nice to gloat over success. We’ve been taught the linear way to the finish line. We’ve been taught to start fast, run faster and make it to the winner circle.What you must know is not taught at the Harvard School of Business. Your superior won’t tell you because they don’t know. The rich and powerful few of us know the truth about truth. Great company’s study people and then their products. They spend money on culture and instruction. They take the best of the best and they show them the Living Genius we all have inside.You’re A Geniusand nobody told you, that perfect little orange. If you’re smart enough to understand writing you can learn about your next great success and that of your company. I’m going to give you authority of knowledge where most just hide the truth. You’re going to be a better person. You’re going to help hundreds or thousands of people not including thousands of customers. You’ll be physically powerful with this new knowledge. Your employer will admire you and people will gather when you speak. We’re going to embrace people and their minds to you can change what they think so they can become what they must become.You’re going to create a enormous following of people from around the world. People that know you will wonder how you went to the top so quietly and quickly. People at work will admire and appreciate you for what you know and what you can get done. You’re going to be in charge of you and everything around you. It’s about time. It’s your gladness as the reward. More money, the bigger home, the nicer new car, better friends and no more sorrow. The confusion will go away as a new type of success takes hold of your life. You’ll understand why people do things. You’ll be the only one to get the message that I will grant you today. Why do we run so fast? Who took the time to draw the finish line? Why are we so glad to see our hero’s fall? Learn about what everybody wants to know. Watch the trickery move out of the way as you use my proven methods of persuasion. You’ll love people again and hold close the brightest of the class. The intellectual results combine with the irresistible friendship and affection that’s never been allowed in the past.You’ll be able to understand people, from their bedrock past of ancient times, to their bedroom antic's to their boardroom madness at work. The most powerful force on earth is people and you’re going to hold the key to success in the palm of your hands. You’ll be in a new place. The confidence and authority will cascade over the best and they will return the act of kindness.This contest we must win takes people and we know so little about them. You must learn so much before its too late. Any business has about a 90 day future without great people, products, services and a proven plan of action. Your people, they have been taught to die for their country, to work two shifts without sleep, that an “A” on the test is the only way. It’s glorious to win but we’re not sure why. The gloom of failure surrounds our daily life and your employees. People watch as we move around the business, the field of battle. They look up for answers to their questions. They look up for hope and come back with their dreams. You have a free born mind, the blank slate that allows you to create the future. We get glimpses of ourselves but you have no idea. Removing the distractions, framing your better ideas so people can help you operate your business. Help them become interested and believe in quality as there is no substitution. Others tell you what to think, how to feel, how to drive and even who to marry. You’ll be able to trust yourself in your new future, the most important thing. I had such friends to show me the way to my own great success. Only a few must know as they’re just a few giants of men in the world. Who really knows the goal? How do you find the glow of friendship and partnership without fear of the unknown? Stop your own dependence on other people and gain knowledge of that Living Genius that we’re going to set free within your mind. The twin of you, the genius inside will be brought to the surface and all the things you think you know will be reviewed again. Other people telling you what to think and feel will stop forever. That genius in you is based within mother nature, emotional control, education and experiences. The person that you are is just below the surface and all the great things you are capable of will start to show.Understanding you, knowing all about you is the key to your own success and that of your family and friends. Knowing you is only the beginning. You desire the bad to go away and only the good in your life. You have motivation but it does no good. You read important papers and you take notes and try to learn what others will teach you. What if they won’t teach you that makes them their own success? What to do?Other people will let you walk off the cliff to your professional and personal death. This knowledge pulls you back from the ordinary and moves you to genius. Everything I teach you already know, at least in bits and pieces. We’re going to put you together again and you’ll notice the change. Do you have a degree of forgiveness to forgive yourself for not knowing? Can you muster the acknowledgement that smarter people have roamed the earth and some walk today? Can you understand that some people know things you don’t think about? It’s not about who you know it’s all about what you know and how you apply knowledge. Can you capture the divine spark of knowledge when you see it? Can mankind and womankind grow past their burning past and education? Can you try and forget some of the things your parents said to do when this or that happens? Can you get the idea that teachers only teach what they know?The Curiosity of People, Wanting to Know You PeopleNology _ Nollijy is all about you and you owe it to yourself to learn this today. It’s about your success first. It’s about your education and then you move to bring about dramatic changes in other people. You’re not an accident. You’re divine and made to perfection and all the things you feel inside were given to you by fate and time. When you understand the greatness of yourself, how you feel, why you feel and think certain things at certain times, you can control actions and results. You can engineer your life and create social companies that produce great people products and services. I put my trust in you that you want to learn about the most important person on earth. You are the most important creature on earth. We’ll talk about many things that you already know but do not fully understand. You’ll gain serenity when you accept that people you don’t even know love you. When you understand that you heart and mind governs the affairs of everything around you.You’ll understand that you are the matching of me and we don’t even know each other. We mostly feel the same way about the same things. We like soft candles and good food. We enjoy out-of-doors and our friends and family. When someone touches our hand we feel more than a simple touch of a chord.We have been completed by design to protect our person and that of family. We tremble when we’re cold and we shiver when a warm hand touches ours. We can take all this productive knowledge and learn how to reach people within their minds. We can make easier their work life and help them become better people.The adventure of the intellect maps out and shows the way how and when people react in certain ways concerning certain things. Our mother taught us that fire is hot but we spend thousands of dollars creating fires in our furnaces to warm our homes. We tell our children not to drive too fast but we speed our way to work daily. We’re honest when people watch and ourselves when we’re alone. We want things and need things that we’ll never talk about. We love people from a distance and disgusted by some in the same way. We give guidance and advice and then we stay on the wrong path concerning our life and deeds. We’re going to the KNOWING - Higher Self area of you and it’s a wonderful place to be for your mental health. We’ll discover the place that nobody goes and very people know about except extreme experts. We’re going to the unknowing place so you can explore your mind, your history of evolution by fate and time. We’ll dig deep into your real self so you’ll know who you are, how you love, how you think, why you think. The free system of the mind, how to help others, changing their minds must surely change their actions and results. By the people, we’ll build things and reduce the resistance to change. You’re going to develop trust before you build the machine. You’ll hear the sounds of the people power in stead of the clatter of the factory floor. All the things you’re going to learn is the springboard for trust, affection and loving other people. By definition you’re going to have the power, the ways and means to make friends and build life long partnerships and groups with mutual understanding and goals. Everything you do will have that firm foundation of trust, affection and love and you’ll be able to decide who, what and when to apply this knowledge. I’ll teach and you’ll learn the things you think you already know. It’s the cultivation you’ve been looking for to prosper and grow as a human being.Every company will need you. Every employee will respect you and they will contribute to better days. If a person knows how you think, then that same person knows what you’ll do at any given time. If I know how you will react to something I can control how you react. If I know how you think about certain things I can most likely sell you something.Everybody is the same97.0 % of the time, the other 3.0% have all the money.Why not change all the rules....Key Results are Knowledge Based andPeople BasedSome key knowledge topics will start to bring in focus the great success you’re about to bring about. These are some of the many things that we’ll study and increase your understanding. Deep inside you, at the core level these many different areas drive you, make you stop, cause or stop fear, help you learn and the tens of thousands of things your body and mind do every day. Motivation: Basic systems that get us going (and keep us going). Belief: What and how we believe. Meaning: How we make sense of the world and infer meaning. Emotion: Affect and what we feel as emotion. Memory: Memorizing and recall. Attention: How we pay attention to things around us. Understanding ourselves: How we perceive ourselves. Understanding others: How we make sense of other people. Discomfort: How we handle discomfort. Attribution: How we attribute cause. Forecasting: How we forecast what will happen. Decision-making: How we make decisions. Decision errors: Mistakes when we make decisions. Conforming: Conforming with social rules. Being contrary: Acting differently or in non-conforming ways. Helping others: Sometimes we are just very helpful. Persuasion: Changing the minds of others. Resistance: Resisting attempts to persuade. Trust: Building trust of others. Lies: Telling things that are not true. Power: Being able to achieve our goals. Friendship: Making friends with others. Behavior: General behavioral responses. Groups: How groups think and act. Advertising Acting Argument Auctioning Brand management Change Management Children Communication Confidence tricksters Conflict management Consulting Counseling Cults Dating Diplomacy Espionage Financial advisors Friendship Gambling Government Human Resources Hypnotism Interrogation Job-hunting Journalism Lecturing Lawyers Leadership Management Marketing Market trading Mediation Missionaries Multi-level Marketing (MLM) Negotiation Networking Parenting Philosophy Poetry Police Politics Propaganda Protesting Publication Public Relations Recruitment Religion Romance Screenwriting Sales Seduction Storytelling Teaching Terrorism Therapy Trade Unions Writing Review the above roster of professions or personal areas where this powerful information can be used. This new knowledge will grow your performance and understanding in all these areas. Experts in their fields study and apply the principles that you’re learning today. From Job-hunting to Dating, from Storytelling to Writing, from Executive Management to Friendships, this powerful knowledge will make you the smartest person on the block, down the street or across your town.You will be able to teach and persuade people, understand them and even predict what they will or will not do in many situations. Everything that happens to you, becomes part of you. Before you do something, you’ve decided to do something. You decided to cross the river before you cross the river. You are made up of millions of things, ideas, actions, desires, experiences etc that places you in your own reality, right now. You cannot change anything you’ve already done. Everything that makes you is connected. All of these millions of connections make up the education, emotions and experiences that overlap or cover the real you. The real you is the physiology and psychology of you, those traits that god gave you without asking you. Nature does not play around and doesn't care about you, it just is. Stop fighting yourself and start learning.Your mind always disagrees with itself, so it can quickly measure everything and come up with the best possible solution based on your core, emotions, education and experiences. Everything about you is mental. Your thoughts believe different things all the time until such time that you decide. If you do not have the education, experiences and emotions concerning a topic at hand you will most likely be wrong. This knowledge in conflict, thoughts in other words, behave just like people. pretending, arguing, threatening, sympathizing, forgiving, agreeing and disagreeing. You do this thousand of times per hour, 24 hours. You have organized yourself into groups that agree with your thinking. People move apart when they disagree and argue.Your mind started as a blank, except the core. You see things different than I do at times, it’s natural and expected. Some of your experiences make bigger impressions than others. Dramatic things leave marks on you, emotional and experience marks. Experience is the chalk that writes on your blank mind slate. People are intelligent and free by nature and we have them boxed inside our contraptions we call our business. We work on software and build new buildings but we don’t work with the people. Every human has core values and you must learn them, 97% of all people live right at the center of their core values.Most supervisors and managers spend no time in learning about their most important asset. They learn how to close a sale, increase production, moving the numbers and earning profits. We’ll learn even more about those things but first things first. The people make, think, act upon everything you try and do. If you do not understand them and they do not understand you or your mission statement you will lose the market, your good people, your business and your future success. The greater company’s are married to their people. They’re holding hands and growing their education, pride, understanding and the market knows who has the better people because they build better products and services. Worrying about the motives and intentions of other people can take its toll on you. Your own Emotional Intelligence has more of an impact on your success in life that your grades in school or your I.Q scores put together. You must have the ability to understand, and use, your emotions successfully. It involves a group of skills, including the ability to motivate ourselves, regulate our moods, control our impulses and empathize with others. Young people tend to fall for schemes, older people, wiser we hope, know better. Older people tend to control more and speculate less. They control their emotional triggers.As a child if you fall off a chair, you think, bad chair. If your mate hits you, you think, bad mate. You’ve been taught that bad things must be punished. You punish things that remind you of the things that hurt you, it’s instinctive.The further you move out the more resilience you have, the ability to interact successfully with others and to solve problems. Leaders must lead. Leaders must have resilience. Leaders must live on the edge and never stop growing. Resilience is a life skill, allows you to bounce back from setbacks, these skills translate into certain thoughts, feelings and behaviors, ability to interact, ability to empower the optimistic outlook, ability to feel good regardless of what's going on around you. As this outer ring gets bigger and bigger you move away from the instinctive you and keep growing. This is where you may become fearful, afraid of change, loving another, you’re at the peak of your life and growing much faster. People living on the “edge” live strong and happy lives. Other people that live closer to the core instincts serve your life. Nature has no favorites. Other people with less emotional control, experiences and education do not want you to move to the outer edge, you’ll leave them. People want you the way that you fit into their range of goals. we seek the comfort of internal alignment. we need beliefs to be consistent. non-alignment is uncomfortable. factors that align attitude and behavior. discomfort when freedom is threatened. we need to attribute cause, that supports our ego. external: tangible rewards. value-based rewards. we select tasks based on how doable they are. our commitment depends on what we have invested. different types of goals motivate us differently. we seek power, achievement or affiliation. We seek to fulfill needs of existence, relatedness and growth. We are motivated by desirable things we expect we can achieve. we seek to control the world around us. we need to attribute cause, that supports our ego. we use constructs as perceptual categories. mental combinations that affect perception. mental structure to organize and interpret the world. constructs that represent understanding. we derive meaning around symbols. we simplify complex things into concrete images. We piece together complex situations into stories to build understanding. Aggression: a learned and social act. supported people feel less stress. we catch emotions from others. we decide what to feel after interpreting events. physiological changes lead to emotions. we deduce feelings from our situation. emotions lead to physiological changes. We recall things that match our beliefsHow we think, Our mind is a wonderful computer, the bestcomputer in the universe, we’re fast, always sure even when we’re wrong.Your Core Values,Education,Experiences andEmotionsare like the island above surrounded by water. We only understand what we know and we often forget about what we feel, the impact from our core. Nothing can reach you, the island in the middle of the ocean without getting through your Education, Experiences and Emotions based and supported by your Core Values.Our moods bias our judgments.recent events seem more likely. we can change our own memories. we pretend we remembered everything. we remember what happened first. we remember recent stuff. we recall things that match our current mood. we can create memories that are false. we seek confirmation that we made a good decision. persuasion requires attention and comparison with previous views. we cannot avoid thinking about things we want to avoid thinking about. we initially believe everything; then we think. We accept things that fit into our belief systems. once formed, a belief will persist. beliefs can change suddenly when we see the light. we believe our internal models are accuratewe see things through beliefs, not as they really are. when we do a favor, we like them even more. we see ourselves through the eyes of others. we learn about ourselves by comparing with others. we infer our feelings from what we do. we decide our feelings after. interpreting events. we underestimate less evident causes of behavior. after a quick discussion, we believe we can predict many behaviors. we are affected by how others see us. we blame our failures on external things. others' behavior caused by disposition, ours by situation. we attribute disposition to good things about ourselves. we justify what can't be explained rationally. we pretend we knew everything all along. we need beliefs to be consistent. we take credit for success and deny failure. we seek confirmation that we made a good decision. we devalue forbidden activity sometimes we tell white or gray lies. we are too confident in our own judgments. we like having someone else to blame. information about others reduces stereotyping. we have expectations of others' behaviorwe overestimate how much people agree with us. we classify people in broad groups. expecting others to return our favors. we are optimistic about others when we need them to cooperate. we dislike people who are very different from us. we are shocked by unexpected language. we need to attribute cause, that supports our ego. we over-estimate importance of available information. we learn by ourselves and through others. we derive meaning around symbols. we simplify complex things into concrete images. we learn much by watching others, thinking, then trying it out. our commitment depends on what we have invested. when we are involved we pay more attention. we find things we have worked on attractive. we feel obliged to complete a public commitment. we seek confirmation that we made a good decision. we anticipate regret and so want what is scarce. we base estimates on known anchors. we base decisions on available small samples. we only use limited logic in decisions. we value more highly the things we own. we guess probability from a 'comparable' event. recent events seem more likely. an overlap seems twice as likely. we see correlation where it is not. we value certain gains and try to avoid certain losses. we care about direct outcomes. We also compare in ratios rather than absolute amounts. persuasion requires attention and comparison with previous views. when we are uncertain we copy others. after a decision we think it was a good one. men and women fall into expected roles. we like simple, explainable we make choices through a series of selection filters. we use various strategies for different types of choice. simple exposure makes us like things more. we decide by comparing things. evidence for a decision is accumulative. when we are involved we need more informationjustifications can lead to silly or immoral acts. we compensate for competence threats by affirming elsewhere. we compensate for self-concept threats by seeking social recognition. we aim to align beliefs and self-perception. we take credit for success and put blame elsewhere. we seek confirmation of our self-view, even if it is negative. we behave well when we are being watched. we act politely or rudely depending on whether we care. we need to return another's favor. acting how we are treated. we follow social rules when we are watched. how we behave depends on how many, etc. are watching. we keep quiet if we are in the minority the more bystanders, the less likely it is one will help we morph to be like others. when we don't know what to do, we copy others. the presence of others helps the competent and hinders the unskilled. we hide in a crowd, using them to conceal laziness. limited resources leads to conflictwe dislike those who are not like us. relationships break down in stages. bringing enemies together increases understanding. we are happiest when give and take are equal. perception of relationships depends on fairness perceptionPeopleNologyNollijySocial Influence: How we are strongly influenced by others. Sleeper Effect: when persuasive messages increase effectiveness over time. Scarcity Principle: we want what is of limited availability. some words are particularly powerful. lying is a dynamic dance of liar and listeneris acting to change a person's behavior against their will. power depends on problem skill, centrality and uniqueness of skill. there are several factors that increase chances of friendship. Law of Attraction: similar attitudes leads to friendship. Matching Hypothesis: romantic partners tend to be similarly attractive. Mere Exposure Theory: exposure to people increases liking. meeting and interacting increase chance of friendship. supported people feel less stress. we talk/act like those we like. a repeated stimulus will trigger associated event. threat leads to danger- or fear-control. when stopped from reaching goal, people turn to aggression. behavior + reward = more behavior (and vice versa). prevention of action leads to action (to prove control). we communicate hugely without words. members are motivated to achieve group goals. groups have rules that must be followed. groups are more extreme in decisions. to sway others in group, arguments tend to be extreme. Alignment: When everything lines up, there are no contradictions to cause agreement. Amplification: Make the important bits bigger and other bits smaller. Appeal: If asked nicely, we will follow the rules we have made for ourselves. Arousal: When I am aroused I am full engaged and hence more likely to pay attention. Association: Our thoughts are connected. Think one thing and the next is automatic. Assumption: Acting as if something is true often makes it true. Attention: Make sure they are listening before you try to sell them something. Authority: Use your authority and others will obey. Bonding: I will usually do what my friends ask of me, without negotiation. Closure: Close the door of thinking and the deal is done. Confidence: If I am confident, then you can be confident. Confusion: A drowning person will clutch at a straw. So will a confused one. Consistency: We like to maintain consistency between what we think, say and do. Contrast: We notice and decide by difference between two things, not a absolute measures. Daring: If you dare me to do something, I daren't not do it. Deception: Convincing by trickery. Dependence: If you are dependent on me, I can use this as a lever to persuade you. Distraction: If I distract your attention, I can then slip around your guard. Evidence: I cannot deny what I see with my own eyes. Exchange: if I do something for you, then you are obliged to do something for me. Experience: I cannot deny what I experience for myself. Framing: Meaning depends on context. So control the context. Harmony: Go with the flow to build trust and create subtle shifts. Hurt and Rescue: Make them uncomfortable then throw them a rope. Interest: If I am interested then I will pay attention. Investment: If I have invested in something, I do not want to waste that investment. Logic: What makes sense must be true. Objectivity: Standing back decreases emotion and increases logic. Perception: Perception is reality. So manage it. Pull: Create attraction that pulls people in. Push: I give you no option but to obey. Repetition: If something happens often enough, I will eventually be persuaded. Scarcity: I want now what I may not be able to get in the future. Similarity: We trust people who are like us or who are similar to people we like. Specificity: People fill in the gaps in vague statements. Substitution: Put them into the story. Surprise: When what happens is not what I expect, I must rethink my understanding. Tension: I will act to reduce the tension gaps I feel. Threat: If my deep needs are threatened, I will act to protect them. Trust: If I trust you, I will accept your truth and expose my vulnerabilities. Understanding: If I understand you, then I can interact more accurately with you. A Gentlemen's Technique© - Self Actualization - Achieving Individual Potential - PeopleNology for BusinessNollijy for LoversGregory Bodenhamer All Rights Reserved Mechanicsburg Pa 17055 Historypaper@msn.com Intellectual Property 2005 - 2006PeopleNology@hotmail.comMoving You Closer To Yes™ - Persuasion Principles & TechniquesAppeal - If asked nicely, people follow the rules we have made for ourselves. If you answer the phone they will answer the phone.Arousal - When you’re aroused you are fully engaged and hence more likely to pay full attention to all details. Association - When our thoughts are mostly connected - You can think one thing and the next thought or action will become automatic without thinking.Assumption - Acting if something is true often makes it true. The truth I may speak becomes the truth over time whether it’s true or not in your mind.Alignment - if 2 + 2 = 4 than you would agree that 4 + 4 = 8? Right? Take little steps to big deals, bring them along one little step at a time.Amplification - We made more money making little widgets. Why did you make more big widgets? Count the little widgets every 10 minutes and e-mail me. Appeal - Let’s you and I have coffee twice a day at 10:00 and 2:00 so we can talk and relax for a few minutes. You just set the break schedule company wide. Arousal - Touch a persons skin a discover their complete attention, they become aroused and listen to every word, whisper to them very softly. Association - Coffee with Cream, thinking coffee also forces you to think cream. You associate the two different things together. At 1700 hours you think leaving work.Assumption - The more you hear the same thing over and over at some point it becomes true in your mind, repetition over powers your mind and creates truth.Much of persuasion or changing another's persons mind is based on a few principles. If you understand the principles then you can use the invented techniques.Alignment - When everything lines up, there are no contradictions to cause any disagreements. When people agree on one point than you can move on to the next. Amplification - Make the important bits and pieces bigger thus making everything else smaller. Paradox, when both contradictions are true at the exact same time. PeoplenologyNollijyGreg BodenhamerAttention - A firecracker through the window, a helicopter landing on the front lawn, having dinner with the boss after your one minute meeting.Closure - Close the door of thinking and the deal is done. Linear end of the road. When you get to Z people can only start over. They do not know another path - non linear.Confidence - If I’m confident then it allows you to be confident. Being correct or right has nothing to do with confidence in any concept or idea or action plans. Confusion - Any drowning person will clutch at a tiny floating straw on the surface of the water. So will a confused one. A personsmental drowning can be caused of preventedMental and social group engineering allows you to provide leadership to various groups of individuals. Curiosity of people and their actions can be quickly reduced to these above stated principles. Achieving individual potential is the starting point of understanding. Intellectual Property Rights Held BodenhamerAuthority - The Police give you no choice, pull over and they just flash the lights. Authority is power, people respect power even if they don’t like you or respect you. Bonding - The trust of friendship is very powerful, without question a friend helps a friend, without doubt a friend believes another friend. Closure - Everything I said was a lie, it was a very serious lie. The other person has no place to go, so they start over. When they start over you can start them over. Confidence - Turn right at the next light, I've been here a hundred times, just turn right, trust me I know...Never been before but, confident. Confusion - Give me two five dollar bills and I’ll give you a ten, plus two ones, and then you give me eight quarters for a coke which only cost .50 cents so here is a dollar. Attention - Make sure they are listening before you attempt to engage. Some unique proposition or conversation to stop another persons mental process steps.Authority - Use the authority and other people will obey. People understand your authority even though they may disagree with the action steps you require.Bonding - Friends usually do what other friends want them to do without any smart negotiations. PeopleNologyNollijyGreg BodenhamerDeception - Try convincing by trickery or by using another persons thinking to allow their total persuasion. People become and do exactly what they think about. Dependence - If you are dependent on me I can use this as a lever to persuade you and convince you against your own self good judgements and decisions. Food - Shelter.Distraction - If I can distract your attention I can therefore move around your guarding. You cannot think if you are distracted which allows your confusion. Evidence - A person cannot deny what they see with their own eyes whether it’s true and real or not. If you see it you believe it. You doubt what you don’t see yourself. Deception - I make you think, I repeat myself to you, you start to believe against your own common sense. You will buy ice water and ship to the Eskimo's.Dependence - You have all the money, you’re in charge. It’s your house so I’m dependent. You know what I did last summer, I’m dependent on you not telling.Distraction - Yell “FIRE” in the middle of church and make sure you watch the collection plate, your attention can be directed to most any other point, quickly.Evidence - The pink lion jumped across the road into the back of my truck, I saw it with my own eyes. It’s true to him, except it was his dog in bad light.Consistency - We all like to maintain some consistency between what we think and do. If I can change what you think I can change what you do in a consistent manner. Consistency -If you believe or I suggest you’ll get a bonus if you do 1 -2 and 3 then you will do it, consistently, I make you think 1-2-3 and you do it because...Contrast - We notice and decide by direct difference between two things, not by some absolute measures. You are tall because the other person is short without measure.Daring - If you really dare me to do all of something, I dare not do it. It’s the real challenge you accept to prove your own worth to other people. Contrast - You think I’m fat because he is so skinny. I’m tall because you’re short. You have more money because I have more children. Unrealistic measures.Daring - I can do anything so I will work two shifts and become the hero. I will ask her for a date because you’re chicken and she likes me because I’m daring.Hurt and Rescue - Make some of them very uncomfortable and then throw them a rope to save them. People love the people that saved them from disaster.Interest - If I’m interested than I will pay attention and the same goes for you. No results really means they are not interested and another technique must be found. Exchange - If I do something for you, then you are obliged to do something for me. If I give you a gift then you think about giving me a gift or some other exchange.Experience - You cannot deny what you experience for yourself. You cannot deny my experiences because you were not there and have no evidence to exchange. Framing - Meaning depends on context. Control the context will control the meaning. Framing the thought gives it texture and makes it real. Mental pictures tell all. Exchange - Wash my back and I’ll wash yours. Be careful of gifts and favors as people want to exchange them, it’s a two way street. Experience - I know if you don’t buy gasoline right now, I’ll be pushing the car just like the last time. Framing - I’ve seen all the beauty of Yellow Stone and she by far is the most beautiful thing I’ve ever seen.Harmony - Go with the flow to build trust and create subtle shifts to change directions without disturbing the harmony. Ride the boat until you become captain then steer it. Harmony - It’s takes a great number of people to make harmony, the thought of together at the perfect point in time, walking at the same speed, the tempo.Hurt and Rescue - If this is not done by Thursday at 1200 noon you’re fired, make sure you save them Wednesday .. at about 9:00 in the morning. Interest - The phone ringing off the hook at work is not too important to a lot of people, we have the problem every day. They’re not really interested in customers or phones. PeopleNologyNollijyGreg BodenhamerInvestment - If you have really invested in something you will not waste the time or money investment. You have very little or no concern over another's investment. Logic - If something may make sense to you then it must be true. To convince one person might not convince ten people. We are very different but we remain the same at times.Objectivity - Stand away and remove yourself from the environment, thought or other actions. Standing back will decrease emotion and increase your natural logic to decide. Perception - Perceptions are your reality and the reality of others. Manage other peoples perceptions and you can manage what others see as true or real.Investment - I just bumped that guy’s car over there but, it’s a small dent, no big deal, it’s an old car anyway. It’s not your old car and you have no investment.Logic - I’ve seen that before and it always happens that way. I’ve seen that before and 2 + 2 does not equal 3. Nine out of ten people could be wrong because they do not understand math.Objectivity - Go away for three days and then work on the same problem or opportunity and find out how different everything looks, that’s the same as you left it. Perception - Nothing is real until your mind or the mind of another makes it real. There is not good or bad until your mind decides that it’s good or bad. Pull - Create the attraction that pulls people closer to you. As people get close they lose their objectivity and can follow your ideas without distraction of other ideas. Repetition - If something happens often enough it must be true. You can eventually persuade or others by repeating thoughts, ideas and words over and over again.Scarcity - You want what you cannot have. You want now what you may not be able to get in the future. You will pay and give more if you think you cannot find it tomorrow.Pull - trust them, have affections towards them and love them and mean every word you say, the attraction is endless. Always win with friends, friends always win together. Repetition - The wind is blowing again and my trash cans end up down the street. The trash can is down the street, the wind must of blown last night. Scarcity - The blue china cup is for me, only one in the world, the auction is starting, I'll pay anything to own that cup, the only one in the world. PeopleNologyNollijyGreg BodenhamerSimilarity - We trust people who are like us or similar to people we like. One friend may look and act like the other because similar things make you comfortable. Specificity - People always fill in the gaps in vague statements. My ten words turn into 1,000 words in your mind. What I don’t say is completed by your own experiences. Substitution - You put people, places and things into every story. You relate and dream of things with different people and you substitute one for the other. Surprise - When what happens is not what you expect to happen, you must rethink your understanding. Your new experience was not identical to your last experience. Tension - You will react to reduce the tension that I feel. If your deep needs are threatened you will act to protect them. You cannot trust and feel threatened.Trust - If you trust me you will accept the truth and I will expose my vulnerabilities. If I understand you, then I can interact more accurately with you. Similarity - That guy thinks just like I do so therefore I like him. He even wears the same shoes that I do, that guy has class, I like him, we’ll go far together. Specificity - The white horse in the painting simply crossed the river with the rest of the men, although the horse never got wet and three men drowned.Substitution - That is the only car in the world for me, he would look good in that car of course John would too, Jason should would look good in a red one.Surprise - He kissed me in front of the entire office. I thought he was going to just say hello. Wow, I don’t know what to think now, last time he just hugged me.Tension - Lets get that report done, he really needs it today, maybe it will calm him down. The other choice is he’ll stay upset and you know how he gets. Trust - We tell each other everything, we don’t always agree but, we never have to guess. We understand each other, we know what must be done and when.Gregory BodenhamerCuriosity of People, Wanting to Know You.™PeopleNology for Business, Nollijy for LoversThe Realities of DebraCopyright Protected 2006Intellectual Property Rights HeldNo Distribution AllowedMechanicsburg, Pa 17055historypaper@msn.com peoplenology@hotmail.comWhispering Millers Valley .... Greg Bodenhamer GB091856A
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